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Table 2 Comparison of groups according to depression status

From: PHQ-9, CES-D, health insurance data—who is identified with depression? A Population-based study in persons with diabetes

 

Group 1

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

Group 2

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

Group 3

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

Group 4

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

Group 5

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

Group 6

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

Group 7

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

Group 8

n(%) / mean ± SD, median

p-value

 

P + C + S+

P + C + S-

P + C-S+

P-C + S+

P-C + S-

P + C-S-

P-C-S+

P-C-S-

 

Sample size, n

79

46

22

48

85

36

205

1,058

 

Age, years

61·3 ± 10·8,

62·0

64·9 ± 10·9,

65·0

62·4 ± 11·6,

61·0

63·7 ± 10·1,

65·0

66·5 ± 9·3,

68·0

69·7 ± 9·1,

72·5

67·2 ± 9·9,

69·0

67·7 ± 9·7,

70·0

< 0·001

Sex, female

38 (48·1)

20 (43·5)

8 (36·4)

24 (50·0)

33 (38·8)

12 (33·3)

106 (51·7)

356 (33·7)

< 0·001

Origin, Germany

63 (79·8)

35 (76·1)

19 (86·4)

37 (77·1)

73 (85·9)

28 (77·8)

190 (92·7)

952 (90·2)

0·001

Family status, in a relationship

54 (70·1)

35 (79·6)

17 (77·3)

38 (79·2)

62 (73·8)

29 (82·9)

155 (77·1)

916 (87·7)

< 0·001

Marital status

         

 Married

48 (60·8)

28 (60·9)

15 (68·2)

31 (64·6)

58 (69·1)

28 (77·8)

148 (72·6%)

832 (78·9%)

< 0·001

 Divorce/separated

16 (20·3)

7 (15·2)

3 (13·6)

3 (6·3)

8 (9·5)

1 (2·8)

16 (7·8)

58 (5·5)

 Widowed

10 (12·7)

10 (21·7)

2 (9·1)

9 (18·8)

15 (17·9)

5 (13·9)

32 (15·7)

112 (10·6)

Employment status, employed

20 (26·0)

16 (35·6)

5 (23·8)

16 (34·8)

25 (30·1)

8 (22·2)

44 (21·8)

268 (25·8)

0·44

Retirement status, retired

41 (51·9)

31 (67·4)

11 (50·0)

26 (54·2)

51 (61·5)

27 (75·0)

142 (69·6)

760 (72·7)

< 0·001

Level of education, ISCED ≥ 14 years

16 (20·3)

7 (15·2)

5 (22·7)

11 (22·9)

14 (16·7)

6 (16·7)

34 (16·7)

244 (23·2)

0·05

Diabetes duration, years

11·4 ± 8·9

8·5

11·8 ± 7·6

10

14·0 ± 10·4

10

12·7 ± 9·2

10

11·5 ± 8·0

10

11·2 ± 7·1

10

10·7 ± 8·8

8·5

10·9 ± 8·1

9

0·88

Type of Diabetes

         

 Type 1 Diabetes

10 (12·8)

3 (6·7)

3 (13·6)

6 (12·8)

8 (9·5)

2 (5·7)

10 (4·9)

86 (8·2)

0·07

 Type 2 Diabetes

66 (84·6)

39 (86·7)

17 (77·3)

38 (80·9)

70 (83·3)

31 (88·6)

171 (83·8)

913 (86·9)

 Type unknown/other

2 (2·6)

3 (6·7)

2 (9·1)

3 (6·4)

6 (7·1)

2 (5·7)

23 (11·3)

52 (5·0)

Diabetes severity aDCSI

2·9 ± 2·0,

3·0

3·3 ± 2·3,

3·0

3·2 ± 2·8,

2·5

3·6 ± 2·1,

3·0

3·0 ± 2·3,

2·0

4·1 ± 2·3,

4·0

3·6 ± 2·4,

3·0

2·9 ± 2·1,

3·0

< 0·001

Number of comorbidities

4·3 ± 2·0,

4·0

3·6 ± 1·6

3·0

4·6 ± 2·7

4·0

5·6 ± 2·8,

5·0

3·4 ± 1·9,

3·0

4·4 ± 2·5,

4·0

4·6 ± 2·5,

4·0

3·3 ± 1·9,

3·0

< 0·001

Treatment

         

 Taking insulin

27 (34·2)

20 (43·5)

11 (50·0)

17 (35·4)

29 (34·1)

12 (33·3)

57 (27·8)

313 (29·6)

0·17

 Taking oral antihyperglycemic drugs

50 (63·3)

31 (67·4)

15 (68·2)

29 (60·4)

53 (62·4)

25 (69·4)

139 (67·8%)

729 (68·9)

0·81

 Taking antidepressants

57 (72·2)

16 (34·8)

15 (68·2)

29 (60·4)

9 (10·6%)

4 (11·1)

89 (43·4)

57 (5·4)

< 0·001

Health care costs in € for 2 years

12,021·8 ± 9,631·2,

8,941·1

14,755·5 ± 22,196·0,

7,624·6

21,071·6 ± 23,499·2,

13,930·0

16,133·5 ± 16,576·6,

9,418·8

8,841·8 ± 8,848·2,

6,952·5

12,869·1 ± 12,829·9,

7,255·6

13,598·3 ± 15,942·2,

7,414·7

8,617·3 ± 11,730·2,

5,283·5

0·48

Health related Quality of Life

         

 physical component summary scale of the SF-12 (PCS-12)$

32·4 ± 9·3,

30·6

28·6 ± 7·6,

26·7

31·8 ± 10·2,

30·3

33·2 ± 9·3,

34·1

35·2 ± 9·6,

35·5

31·1 ± 7·8,

32·3

40·6 ± 10·5,

42·3

44·5 ± 9·8,

47·3

< 0·001

 mental component summary scale of the SF-12 (MCS-12) $

30·6 ± 7·8,

28·5

33·5 ± 6·8,

32·1

37·3 ± 9·1,

37·8

39·1 ± 7·7,

37·9

39·8 ± 7·6,

38·1

42·3 ± 7·3,

43·1

49·8 ± 10·2

52·2

54·1 ± 7·3,

56·0

< 0·001

Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID)∞

45·0 ± 22·5,

47·0

48·9 ± 19·8,

51·0

24·7 ± 20·3,

23·0

38·0 ± 19·7,

38·0

36·9 ± 16·7,

39·0

29·5 ± 18·4,

30·0

16·9 ± 13·5,

15·0

14·2 ± 12·7,

10·0

< 0·001

Previous depression

         

 Yes

53 (67·1)

15 (32·6)

11 (50·0)

28 (58·3)

4 (4·7)

2 (5·6)

60 (29·4)

52 (4·9)

< 0·001

 No

8 (10·1)

13 (28·3)

5 (22·7)

9 (18·8)

42 (49·4)

22 (61·1)

98 (48·0)

844 (80·0)

 unknown

18 (22·8)

18 (39·1)

6 (27·3)

11 (22·9)

39 (45·9)

12 (33·3)

46 (22·6)

159 (15·1)

  1. SD = standard deviation
  2. $ range from 0 to 100, zero indicates the lowest level of health measured by the scales and 100 indicates the highest level of health
  3. ∞ Possible score can range from 0 to100, with higher scores indicating greater diabetes-related emotional istress
  4. PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; C = CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; S = SHI data, statutory health insurance data
  5. Group 1 = identified with all 3 instruments, Group 2 = identified by PHQ-9 and CES-D, Group 3 = identified by PHQ-9 and health insurance data, Group 4 = identified by CES-D and health insurance data, Group 5 = identified by CES-D, Group 6 = identified by PHQ-9, Group 7 = identified by health insurance data, Group 8 = no depressive disorder
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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