Luteolin intake is negatively associated with all-cause and cardiac mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 2 HR (95% CI) for all-cause and cardiac mortality based on luteolin intake among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Characteristic		Luteolin intake (mg/day)			Per-unit increment of luteolin intake (Ln-transformed)	P value
Characteristic		Tertile 1 [0.005, 0.195)	Tertile 2 [0.195, 0.640)	Tertile 3 [0.640, 9.870]	Per-unit increment of luteolin intake (Ln-transformed)	P value
All-cause mortality
	No. deaths/total (%)	221/841 (26.3)	192/803 (23.9)	148/817 (18.1)	561/2461 (22.8)
	Model 1¹	1 (reference)	0.866 (0.664, 1.130)	0.668 (0.539, 0.830)	0.864 (0.807, 0.926)	< 0.001
	Model 2²	1 (reference)	0.907 (0.701, 1.173)	0.856 (0.690, 1.062)	0.927 (0.869, 0.990)	0.023
	Model 3³	1 (reference)	0.885 (0.683, 1.146)	0.855 (0.691, 1.057)	0.930 (0.874, 0.991)	0.024
Cardiac mortality
	No. deaths/total (%)	62/841 (7.4)	45/803 (5.6)	29/817 (3.5)	136/2461 (5.5)
	Model 1¹	1 (reference)	0.649 (0.397, 1.06)	0.385 (0.221, 0.672)	0.725 (0.621, 0.847)	< 0.001
	Model 2²	1 (reference)	0.677 (0.408, 1.122)	0.487 (0.279, 0.850)	0.770 (0.659, 0.901)	0.001
	Model 3³	1 (reference)	0.662 (0.413, 1.063)	0.487 (0.284, 0.836)	0.774 (0.668, 0.898)	0.001

HR (95% CI) was estimated by Cox proportional hazards model and accounted for the sample weights. Cardiac mortality was defined as I00-I09, I11, I13, I20-I51 according to the ICD-10 criteria
¹Model 1 was adjusted for age (continuous), race (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, or others), and gender (male or female)
²Model 2 was additionally adjusted for BMI (< 20, 20–24, 25–29, or ≥ 30 kg/m²), educational attainment (below high school, high school, or college or above), alcohol consumption (none, mild, or heavy), cigarette consumption (never, former, or current), poverty income ratio (≤ 1, 1–3, or > 3), energy intake (< 1500 or ≥ 1500 kcal/day), and physical activity in leisure time (no or unable, moderate, or vigorous)
³Model 3 was additionally adjusted for hyperlipidemia (no or yes), hypertension (no or yes), HbA1c level (< 6.5 or ≥ 6.5%), and use of oral anti-diabetic agents or insulin (no or yes)

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