Table 1 Baseline characteristics based on luteolin intake among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Characteristic | Total | Luteolin intake (mg/day) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |||
[0.005,0.195) | [0.195,0.640) | [0.640,9.870] | |||
Number of patients | 2461 | 841 | 803 | 817 | Â |
Age, years | 61.28 ± 0.42 | 60.69 ± 0.74 | 61.80 ± 0.72 | 61.36 ± 0.62 | 0.560 |
Gender (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.040* |
 Female | 1222 (50.63) | 432 (52.54) | 410 (54.01) | 380 (45.95) |  |
 Male | 1239 (49.37) | 409 (47.46) | 393 (45.99) | 437 (54.05) |  |
Race (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* |
 Non-Hispanic White | 971 (63.58) | 340 (65.30) | 312 (61.43) | 319 (63.86) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 603 (14.37) | 247 (17.98) | 207 (15.23) | 149 (10.30) |  |
 Others | 887 (22.05) | 254 (16.72) | 284 (23.35) | 349 (25.84) |  |
Educational attainment (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
 Below high school | 407 (9.34) | 147 (9.07) | 137 (10.61) | 123 (8.49) |  |
 High school or equivalent | 1002 (40.64) | 379 (46.53) | 347 (44.87) | 276 (31.55) |  |
 College or above | 1052 (50.02) | 315 (44.41) | 319 (44.52) | 418 (59.96) |  |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 33.34 ± 0.26 | 33.64 ± 0.37 | 32.74 ± 0.35 | 33.58 ± 0.43 | 0.150 |
Family income-poverty ratio (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002* |
 ≤1.0 | 475 (13.35) | 201 (16.73) | 167 (13.67) | 107 (9.96) |  |
 1.0–3.0 | 1178 (41.81) | 422 (45.01) | 384 (42.88) | 372 (37.94) |  |
 >3.0 | 808 (44.84) | 218 (38.26) | 252 (43.45) | 338 (52.10) |  |
Leisure-time physical activity (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
 No or unable | 1662 (62.90) | 619 (70.43) | 562 (66.29) | 481 (53.04) |  |
 Moderate | 621 (28.67) | 179 (25.00) | 189 (25.38) | 253 (34.89) |  |
 Vigorous | 178 (8.43) | 43 (4.57) | 52 (8.33) | 83 (12.07) |  |
Smoking status (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.010* |
 Never smoker | 1210 (49.51) | 390 (48.45) | 398 (48.77) | 422 (51.12) |  |
 Former smoker | 872 (35.87) | 286 (32.47) | 282 (36.20) | 304 (38.72) |  |
 Current smoker | 379 (14.62) | 165 (19.09) | 123 (15.03) | 91 (10.16) |  |
Alcohol consumption (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001* |
 Non-drinker | 1235 (44.32) | 462 (48.53) | 427 (47.67) | 346 (37.53) |  |
 Mild drinker | 554 (25.14) | 138 (18.87) | 176 (22.68) | 240 (33.04) |  |
 Heavy drinker | 672 (30.54) | 241 (32.59) | 200 (29.65) | 231 (29.43) |  |
Energy intake (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002* |
 <1500 kcal/day | 971 (34.37) | 389 (40.73) | 318 (35.82) | 264 (27.27) |  |
 ≥1500 kcal/day | 1490 (65.63) | 452 (59.27) | 485 (64.18) | 553 (72.73) |  |
Hypertension (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* |
 No | 632 (27.66) | 193 (20.67) | 209 (33.36) | 230 (29.15) |  |
 Yes | 1829 (72.34) | 648 (79.33) | 594 (66.64) | 587 (70.85) |  |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.130 |
No | 314 (11.05) | 109 (12.33) | 112 (12.43) | 93 (8.66) | Â |
Yes | 2147 (88.95) | 732 (87.67) | 691 (87.57) | 724 (91.34) | Â |
HbA1c, % | 7.02 ± 0.04 | 7.02 ± 0.06 | 6.99 ± 0.07 | 7.04 ± 0.07 | 0.880 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 8.34 ± 0.09 | 8.29 ± 0.20 | 8.21 ± 0.14 | 8.50 ± 0.14 | 0.340 |
Duration of diabetes, years | 10.19 ± 0.29 | 9.78 ± 0.40 | 10.49 ± 0.50 | 10.33 ± 0.43 | 0.480 |
Use of oral anti-diabetic agents (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.500 |
 No | 1084 (46.84) | 377 (47.37) | 347 (44.27) | 360 (48.59) |  |
 Yes | 1377 (53.16) | 464 (52.63) | 456 (55.73) | 457 (51.41) |  |
Use of insulin (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.070 |
 No | 2054 (82.79) | 684 (80.65) | 662 (81.08) | 708 (86.26) |  |
 Yes | 407 (17.21) | 157 (19.35) | 141 (18.92) | 109 (13.74) |  |