From: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Study | Year of publication | Type of study | City, state, or region | Diabetes type | Diabetes duration Mean (± SD) or median (interquartile range) | n | Female (%) | Diagnostic method | Patients with retinopathy n, (%) | Patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, n, (%) | Patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy n, (%) | Patients with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy n, (%) | Patients with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy n, (%) | Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathyn, (%) | Patients with diabetic macular edema n, (%) |
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Alvarenga et al. [30] | 2003 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | 575 | 52.5 | Ophthalmoscopy | 293 (51) | 185 (63.1) | 90 (30.7) | 71 (24.2) | 24 (8.2) | 108 (36.8) | |||
Andrade et al. [31] | 2006 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 803 | 57.4 | Ophthalmoscopy | 399 (49.7) | 267 (66.9) | 132 (33.1) | 80 (20) | ||||
Assis et al. [32] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | João Pessoa, PB | Type 2 | 285 | 34.7 | Ophthalmoscopy | 157 (55.1) | 103 (65.6) | 54 (34.4) | |||||
Ben et al. [3] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 206 | 60.7 | Ophthalmoscopy | 49 (23.8) | |||||||
Cardoso et al. [33] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | Type 2 | 550 | 61.8 | 183 (33.3) | ||||||||
Cardoso et al. [34] | 2017 | Cohort | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | Type 2 | 646 | 198 (30.7) | 144 (72.7) | 54 (27.3) | |||||||
Cardoso et al. [35] | 2022 | Cohort | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | Type 1 and 2 | 10 (± 8.3) | 551 | 177 (32.1) | ||||||||
Chacon et al. [36] | 2005 | Cross-sectional | Natal, RN | Type 1 and 2 | 76 | 42 (55.3) | 30 (71.4) | 12 (28.6) | |||||||
Chen-Ku et al. [37] | 2019 | Cohort | Type 2 | 437 | 53.1 | 23 (5.3) | |||||||||
Costa e Silva et al. [38] | 2018 | Case–control | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 16 (± 8.1) | 186 | 55.0 | Color fundus photography | 95 (51.1) | 46 (48.4) | 49 (51.6) | ||||
Costa et al. [39] | 2004 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre and Passo Fundo, RS | Type 2 | 548 | Ophthalmoscopy | 221 (40.3) | ||||||||
DePaula et al. [40] | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Goiânia, GO | Type 2 | 10.8 (± 5.9) | 454 | 29.1 | 148 (32.6) | |||||||
Dieter et al. [41] | 2022 | Case–control | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 1005 | Ophthalmoscopy | 565 (56.2) | ||||||||
Escarião et al. [19] | 2008 | Cross-sectional | Recife, PE | Type 1 and 2 | 8.1 (± 6.3) | 2223 | 70.5 | Ophthalmoscopy | 566 (25.5) | 492 (86.9) | 74 (13.1) | 66 (11.6) | |||
Esteves et al. [42] | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 1 | 14.4 (± 7.3) | 437 | 49.7 | Ophthalmoscopy | 194 (44.4) | 97 (50) | 66 (34) | 18 (9.3) | 13 (6.7) | 97 (50) | |
Felício et al. [43] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 2 | 4 (0.5–38) | 88 | 31.8 | Ophthalmoscopy | 29 (33) | 2 (6.9) | 4 (13.8) | ||||
Fernandez et al. [44] | 1998 | Cross-sectional | Uberlândia, MG | Type 1 and 2 | 605 | 66 | Ophthalmoscopy | 209 (34.5) | 181 (86.6) | 28 (13.4) | |||||
Foss et al. [45] | 1989 | Cross-sectional | Ribeirão Preto, SP | Type 2 | 6 (0.1–43) | 546 | 77.5 | Ophthalmoscopy | 129 (23.6) | 107 (82.9) | 22 (17.1) | ||||
Galvão et al. [46] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Goiânia, GO | Type 1 and 2 | 219 | 59.8 | Ophthalmoscopy | 70 (32) | 53 (75.7) | 18 (25.7) | 17 (24.3) | 21 (30) | |||
Gomes et al. [47] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Five regions: North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South | Type 1 | 8.1 (± 4.3) | 328 | Ophthalmoscopy | 28 (8.5) | |||||||
Gomes et al. [48] | 1997 | Cross-sectional | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | Type 1 | 7.5 (± 6.3) | 50 | 56 | Ophthalmoscopy | 4 (8) | ||||||
Gomes et al. [49] | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Four regions: Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South | Type 2 | 8.8 (± 7.2) | 1382 | 59 | Ophthalmoscopy | 551 (39.9) | ||||||
Greca et al. [50] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 385 | Ophthalmoscopy | 251 (65.2) | 108 (43) | 143 (57) | ||||||
Gross et al. [51] | 1993 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 117 | 49.6 | Ophthalmoscopy | 64 (54.7) | |||||||
Guedes et al. [52] | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ | 46 | 78.3 | Ophthalmoscopy | 9 (19.6) | 6 (66.7) | 3 (33.3) | ||||||
Hirata et al. [53] | 1986 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 138 | Ophthalmoscopy | 60 (43.5) | 47 (78.3) | 13 (21.7) | ||||||
Hissa et al. [54] | 2002 | Case–control | Fortaleza, CE | Type 2 | 10.5 (± 7.9) | 44 | 72.7 | Ophthalmoscopy | 8 (18.2) | ||||||
Hokazono et al. [55] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Curitiba, PR | Type 1 and 2 | 15 (0.3–40) | 74 | 67.9 | Ophthalmoscopy | 50 (67.6) | ||||||
Jost et al. [56] | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Luzerna, SC | Type 2 | 120 | 51.7 | Ophthalmoscopy | 46 (38.3) | 41 (89.1) | 5 (10.9) | |||||
Junior et al. [57] | 2001 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 12.7 (± 5.7) | 103 | 44.7 | Ophthalmoscopy | 74 (71.8) | 43 (58.1) | 31 (41.9) | ||||
Kramer et al. [58] | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 207 | 46.9 | Ophthalmoscopy | 83 (40.1) | |||||||
Kramer et al. [59] | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 65 | Ophthalmoscopy | 14 (21.5) | ||||||||
Kramer et al. [60] | 2008 | Cohort | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 1 and 2 | 112 | 42.9 | Ophthalmoscopy | 43 (38.4) | |||||||
Lima et al. [61] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Volta Grande, MT | Type 2 | 140 | 71.4 | Ophthalmoscopy | 27 (19.3) | |||||||
Lima et al. [62] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 1 and 2 | 10 (2–34) | 70 | 60 | Ophthalmoscopy | 27 (38.6) | ||||||
Malerbi et al. [63] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Volta Grande, MT | Type 2 | 95 | 66.3 | Color fundus photography | 16 (16.8) | 15 (93.8) | 2 (12.5) | 12 (75) | 1 (6.2) | 1 (6.2) | 6 (37.5) | |
Malerbi et al. [64] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Itabuna, BA | Type 2 | 366 | 60.1 | Color fundus photography | 93 (25.4) | 68 (73.1) | 25 (26.9) | 29 (31.2) | ||||
Malerbi et al. [65] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Itabuna, BA | Type 2 | 10.4 (± 8.7) | 824 | Color fundus photography | 253 (30.7) | 181 (71.5) | 75 (29.6) | 71 (28) | 35 (13.8) | 72 (28.5) | ||
Martins et al. [66] | 2004 | Case–control | São Paulo, SP | 103 | Ophthalmoscopy | 74 (71.8) | 60 (81.1) | 14 (18.9) | |||||||
Massaro et al. [67] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 161 | 64 | Ophthalmoscopy | 31 (19.3) | |||||||
Massignam et al. [68] | 2021 | Case–control | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 1 | 410 | Ophthalmoscopy | 195 (47.6) | 48 (24.6) | 147 (75.4) | ||||||
Mata et al. [69] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Belo Horizonte, MG | Type 1 and 2 | 343 | 67.9 | 122 (35.6) | ||||||||
Melo et al. [20] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Five regions: North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South | Type 1 | 15.3 (± 9.3) | 1644 | 55.8 | Ophthalmoscopy | 589 (35.8) | 417 (70.8) | 298 (50.6) | 108 (18.3) | 11 (1.8) | 172 (29.2) | 44 (7.4) |
Mori et al. [70] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 1 | 405 | Color fundus photography | 271 (66.9) | ||||||||
Mota et al. [71] | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Fortaleza, CE | Type 2 | 8.1 (± 6.5) | 145 | 57.9 | 26 (17.9) | 21 (80.8) | 5 (19.2) | |||||
Parisi et al. [72] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Four regions: Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South | Type 1 and 2 | 14.2 (± 9.8) | 1055 | 58.6 | Ophthalmoscopy | 487 (46.2) | ||||||
Pedrosa et al. [73] | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Ananindeua, PA | 11.8 | 31 | 54.8 | Ophthalmoscopy | 11 (35.5) | 11 (100) | ||||||
Penido et al. [74] | 2001 | Cross-sectional | Conselheiro Lafaiete, MG | Type 1 and 2 | 314 | 69.1 | Ophthalmoscopy | 132 (42) | |||||||
Piccirillo et al. [75] | 2002 | Cross-sectional | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | Type 1 | 71 | Ophthalmoscopy | 11 (15.5) | ||||||||
Polina et al. [76] | 2019 | Case–control | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 14.7 (± 7.9) | 546 | 54 | Ophthalmoscopy and color fundus photography | 302 (55.3) | 161 (53.3) | 141 (46.7) | ||||
Preti et al. [77] | 2010 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 2 | 105 | 54.3 | Ophthalmoscopy | 90 (85.7) | 53 (58.9) | 30 (33.3) | 18 (20) | 5 (5.5) | 37 (41.1) | ||
Queiroz et al. [16] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 2 | 10.7 (± 8.2) | 627 | 62.4 | Color fundus photography | 106 (16.9) | ||||||
Rodrigues et al. [78] | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | 441 | Ophthalmoscopy | 197 (44.7) | 97 (49.2) | 66 (33.5) | 18 (9.1) | 13 (6.6) | 100 (50.7) | ||||
Rodrigues et al. [79] | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Belo Horizonte, MG | Type 2 | 102 | 81.4 | Ophthalmoscopy | 66 (64.7) | |||||||
Rosa et al. [80] | 2019 | Cohort | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | Type 1 | 167 | Ophthalmoscopy | 30 (18) | ||||||||
Rosses et al. [81] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 6 (3–14) | 219 | 59.8 | Color fundus photography | 39 (17.8) | 36 (92.3) | 7 (17.9) | 24 (61.5) | 5 (12.8) | 3 (7.7) | |
Sampaio et al. [82] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Londrina, PR | Type 1 | 13.4 (± 5.8) | 81 | 64.2 | Ophthalmoscopy | 17 (21) | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | ||||
Santos et al. [83] | 2005 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 10.5 (± 9.7) | 210 | 67.9 | Ophthalmoscopy | 99 (47.1) | ||||||
Santos et al. [84] | 2005 | Case–control | Rio Grande do Sul | Type 2 | 477 | 55.6 | Ophthalmoscopy | 275 (57.7) | |||||||
Scheffel et al. [85] | 2008 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, Rio Grande and Passo Fundo, RS | Type 2 | 1182 | 51.4 | Ophthalmoscopy | 508 (43) | |||||||
Schellini et al. [22] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo | Type 2 | 407 | 67.8 | Ophthalmoscopy | 31 (7.6) | |||||||
Schmid et al. [86] | 1995 | Cross-sectional | Porto Alegre, RS | Type 2 | 35 | Ophthalmoscopy | 19 (54.3) | 10 (52.6) | 9 (47.4) | ||||||
Serfaty et al. [87] | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Rio de Janeiro, RJ | Type 1 | 47 | Ophthalmoscopy | 7 (14.9) | 7 (100) | |||||||
Souza et al. [18] | 2004 | Cross-sectional | Ribeirão Preto, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 2360 | 65 | Ophthalmoscopy | 478 (20.3) | |||||||
Souza et al. [21] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Viçosa and Santo Antônio do Monte, MG | 1331 | 62.8 | Color fundus photography | 394 (29.6) | ||||||||
Steck et al. [88] | 1993 | Cross-sectional | Franco da Rocha, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 142 | 66.2 | Ophthalmoscopy | 104 (73.2) | 21 (20.2) | ||||||
Sugano et al. [89] | 2001 | Cross-sectional | São Bernardo do Campo, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 215 | 47.9 | Ophthalmoscopy | 53 (24.7) | |||||||
Syllos et al. [90] | 2006 | Case–control | Passo Fundo, RS | Type 2 | 15.9 (± 5.7) | 170 | 60 | Ophthalmoscopy | 56 (32.9) | ||||||
Tres et al. [91] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Passo Fundo, RS | Type 2 | 8 (± 6.7) | 340 | 59.7 | Ophthalmoscopy | 98 (28.8) | ||||||
Viégas et al. [92] | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Recife, PE | Type 2 | 10.25 (± 8.5) | 148 | 100 | Ophthalmoscopy | 51 (34.5) | ||||||
Wobeto et al. [93] | 2007 | Cross-sectional | Campinas, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 317 | 62.1 | Ophthalmoscopy | 156 (49.2) | |||||||
Wolosker et al. [94] | 1995 | Cross-sectional | São Paulo, SP | Type 1 and 2 | 70 | 60 | 14 (20) |