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Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies

From: Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Study

Year of publication

Type of study

City, state, or region

Diabetes type

Diabetes duration Mean (± SD) or median (interquartile range)

n

Female (%)

Diagnostic method

Patients with retinopathy n, (%)

Patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, n, (%)

Patients with mild nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy n, (%)

Patients with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy n, (%)

Patients with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy n, (%)

Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathyn, (%)

Patients with diabetic macular edema n, (%)

Alvarenga et al. [30]

2003

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

  

575

52.5

Ophthalmoscopy

293 (51)

185 (63.1)

90 (30.7)

71 (24.2)

24 (8.2)

108 (36.8)

 

Andrade et al. [31]

2006

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

803

57.4

Ophthalmoscopy

399 (49.7)

267 (66.9)

   

132 (33.1)

80 (20)

Assis et al. [32]

2022

Cross-sectional

João Pessoa, PB

Type 2

 

285

34.7

Ophthalmoscopy

157 (55.1)

103 (65.6)

   

54 (34.4)

 

Ben et al. [3]

2020

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

 

206

60.7

Ophthalmoscopy

49 (23.8)

      

Cardoso et al. [33]

2012

Cross-sectional

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Type 2

 

550

61.8

 

183 (33.3)

      

Cardoso et al. [34]

2017

Cohort

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Type 2

 

646

  

198 (30.7)

144 (72.7)

   

54 (27.3)

 

Cardoso et al. [35]

2022

Cohort

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Type 1 and 2

10 (± 8.3)

551

  

177 (32.1)

      

Chacon et al. [36]

2005

Cross-sectional

Natal, RN

Type 1 and 2

 

76

  

42 (55.3)

30 (71.4)

   

12 (28.6)

 

Chen-Ku et al. [37]

2019

Cohort

 

Type 2

 

437

53.1

 

23 (5.3)

      

Costa e Silva et al. [38]

2018

Case–control

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

16 (± 8.1)

186

55.0

Color fundus photography

95 (51.1)

46 (48.4)

   

49 (51.6)

 

Costa et al. [39]

2004

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre and Passo Fundo, RS

Type 2

 

548

 

Ophthalmoscopy

221 (40.3)

      

DePaula et al. [40]

2011

Cross-sectional

Goiânia, GO

Type 2

10.8 (± 5.9)

454

29.1

 

148 (32.6)

      

Dieter et al. [41]

2022

Case–control

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

 

1005

 

Ophthalmoscopy

565 (56.2)

      

Escarião et al. [19]

2008

Cross-sectional

Recife, PE

Type 1 and 2

8.1 (± 6.3)

2223

70.5

Ophthalmoscopy

566 (25.5)

492 (86.9)

   

74 (13.1)

66 (11.6)

Esteves et al. [42]

2009

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 1

14.4 (± 7.3)

437

49.7

Ophthalmoscopy

194 (44.4)

97 (50)

66 (34)

18 (9.3)

13 (6.7)

97 (50)

 

Felício et al. [43]

2007

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 2

4 (0.5–38)

88

31.8

Ophthalmoscopy

29 (33)

    

2 (6.9)

4 (13.8)

Fernandez et al. [44]

1998

Cross-sectional

Uberlândia, MG

Type 1 and 2

 

605

66

Ophthalmoscopy

209 (34.5)

181 (86.6)

   

28 (13.4)

 

Foss et al. [45]

1989

Cross-sectional

Ribeirão Preto, SP

Type 2

6 (0.1–43)

546

77.5

Ophthalmoscopy

129 (23.6)

107 (82.9)

   

22 (17.1)

 

Galvão et al. [46]

2021

Cross-sectional

Goiânia, GO

Type 1 and 2

 

219

59.8

Ophthalmoscopy

70 (32)

53 (75.7)

  

18 (25.7)

17 (24.3)

21 (30)

Gomes et al. [47]

2021

Cross-sectional

Five regions: North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South

Type 1

8.1 (± 4.3)

328

 

Ophthalmoscopy

28 (8.5)

      

Gomes et al. [48]

1997

Cross-sectional

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Type 1

7.5 (± 6.3)

50

56

Ophthalmoscopy

4 (8)

      

Gomes et al. [49]

2009

Cross-sectional

Four regions: Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South

Type 2

8.8 (± 7.2)

1382

59

Ophthalmoscopy

551 (39.9)

      

Greca et al. [50]

2012

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

 

385

 

Ophthalmoscopy

251 (65.2)

108 (43)

   

143 (57)

 

Gross et al. [51]

1993

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

 

117

49.6

Ophthalmoscopy

64 (54.7)

      

Guedes et al. [52]

2009

Cross-sectional

Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ

  

46

78.3

Ophthalmoscopy

9 (19.6)

6 (66.7)

   

3 (33.3)

 

Hirata et al. [53]

1986

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

138

 

Ophthalmoscopy

60 (43.5)

47 (78.3)

   

13 (21.7)

 

Hissa et al. [54]

2002

Case–control

Fortaleza, CE

Type 2

10.5 (± 7.9)

44

72.7

Ophthalmoscopy

8 (18.2)

      

Hokazono et al. [55]

2018

Cross-sectional

Curitiba, PR

Type 1 and 2

15 (0.3–40)

74

67.9

Ophthalmoscopy

50 (67.6)

      

Jost et al. [56]

2010

Cross-sectional

Luzerna, SC

Type 2

 

120

51.7

Ophthalmoscopy

46 (38.3)

41 (89.1)

   

5 (10.9)

 

Junior et al. [57]

2001

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 1 and 2

12.7 (± 5.7)

103

44.7

Ophthalmoscopy

74 (71.8)

43 (58.1)

   

31 (41.9)

 

Kramer et al. [58]

2011

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

 

207

46.9

Ophthalmoscopy

83 (40.1)

      

Kramer et al. [59]

2009

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

 

65

 

Ophthalmoscopy

14 (21.5)

      

Kramer et al. [60]

2008

Cohort

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 1 and 2

 

112

42.9

Ophthalmoscopy

43 (38.4)

      

Lima et al. [61]

2018

Cross-sectional

Volta Grande, MT

Type 2

 

140

71.4

Ophthalmoscopy

27 (19.3)

      

Lima et al. [62]

2021

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 1 and 2

10 (2–34)

70

60

Ophthalmoscopy

27 (38.6)

      

Malerbi et al. [63]

2020

Cross-sectional

Volta Grande, MT

Type 2

 

95

66.3

Color fundus photography

16 (16.8)

15 (93.8)

2 (12.5)

12 (75)

1 (6.2)

1 (6.2)

6 (37.5)

Malerbi et al. [64]

2021

Cross-sectional

Itabuna, BA

Type 2

 

366

60.1

Color fundus photography

93 (25.4)

68 (73.1)

   

25 (26.9)

29 (31.2)

Malerbi et al. [65]

2022

Cross-sectional

Itabuna, BA

Type 2

10.4 (± 8.7)

824

 

Color fundus photography

253 (30.7)

181 (71.5)

75 (29.6)

71 (28)

35 (13.8)

72 (28.5)

 

Martins et al. [66]

2004

Case–control

São Paulo, SP

  

103

 

Ophthalmoscopy

74 (71.8)

60 (81.1)

   

14 (18.9)

 

Massaro et al. [67]

2019

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

161

64

Ophthalmoscopy

31 (19.3)

      

Massignam et al. [68]

2021

Case–control

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 1

 

410

 

Ophthalmoscopy

195 (47.6)

48 (24.6)

   

147 (75.4)

 

Mata et al. [69]

2016

Cross-sectional

Belo Horizonte, MG

Type 1 and 2

 

343

67.9

 

122 (35.6)

      

Melo et al. [20]

2018

Cross-sectional

Five regions: North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South

Type 1

15.3 (± 9.3)

1644

55.8

Ophthalmoscopy

589 (35.8)

417 (70.8)

298 (50.6)

108 (18.3)

11 (1.8)

172 (29.2)

44 (7.4)

Mori et al. [70]

2021

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 1

 

405

 

Color fundus photography

271 (66.9)

      

Mota et al. [71]

2011

Cross-sectional

Fortaleza, CE

Type 2

8.1 (± 6.5)

145

57.9

 

26 (17.9)

21 (80.8)

   

5 (19.2)

 

Parisi et al. [72]

2016

Cross-sectional

Four regions: Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, South

Type 1 and 2

14.2 (± 9.8)

1055

58.6

Ophthalmoscopy

487 (46.2)

      

Pedrosa et al. [73]

2012

Cross-sectional

Ananindeua, PA

 

11.8

31

54.8

Ophthalmoscopy

11 (35.5)

11 (100)

     

Penido et al. [74]

2001

Cross-sectional

Conselheiro Lafaiete, MG

Type 1 and 2

 

314

69.1

Ophthalmoscopy

132 (42)

      

Piccirillo et al. [75]

2002

Cross-sectional

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Type 1

 

71

 

Ophthalmoscopy

11 (15.5)

      

Polina et al. [76]

2019

Case–control

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

14.7 (± 7.9)

546

54

Ophthalmoscopy and color fundus photography

302 (55.3)

161 (53.3)

   

141 (46.7)

 

Preti et al. [77]

2010

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 2

 

105

54.3

Ophthalmoscopy

90 (85.7)

53 (58.9)

30 (33.3)

18 (20)

5 (5.5)

37 (41.1)

 

Queiroz et al. [16]

2020

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 2

10.7 (± 8.2)

627

62.4

Color fundus photography

106 (16.9)

      

Rodrigues et al. [78]

2010

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

  

441

 

Ophthalmoscopy

197 (44.7)

97 (49.2)

66 (33.5)

18 (9.1)

13 (6.6)

100 (50.7)

 

Rodrigues et al. [79]

2015

Cross-sectional

Belo Horizonte, MG

Type 2

 

102

81.4

Ophthalmoscopy

66 (64.7)

      

Rosa et al. [80]

2019

Cohort

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Type 1

 

167

 

Ophthalmoscopy

30 (18)

      

Rosses et al. [81]

2017

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

6 (3–14)

219

59.8

Color fundus photography

39 (17.8)

36 (92.3)

7 (17.9)

24 (61.5)

5 (12.8)

3 (7.7)

 

Sampaio et al. [82]

2007

Cross-sectional

Londrina, PR

Type 1

13.4 (± 5.8)

81

64.2

Ophthalmoscopy

17 (21)

7 (41.2)

   

10 (58.8)

 

Santos et al. [83]

2005

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

10.5 (± 9.7)

210

67.9

Ophthalmoscopy

99 (47.1)

      

Santos et al. [84]

2005

Case–control

Rio Grande do Sul

Type 2

 

477

55.6

Ophthalmoscopy

275 (57.7)

      

Scheffel et al. [85]

2008

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, Rio Grande and Passo Fundo, RS

Type 2

 

1182

51.4

Ophthalmoscopy

508 (43)

      

Schellini et al. [22]

2014

Cross-sectional

São Paulo

Type 2

 

407

67.8

Ophthalmoscopy

31 (7.6)

      

Schmid et al. [86]

1995

Cross-sectional

Porto Alegre, RS

Type 2

 

35

 

Ophthalmoscopy

19 (54.3)

10 (52.6)

   

9 (47.4)

 

Serfaty et al. [87]

2010

Cross-sectional

Rio de Janeiro, RJ

Type 1

 

47

 

Ophthalmoscopy

7 (14.9)

7 (100)

     

Souza et al. [18]

2004

Cross-sectional

Ribeirão Preto, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

2360

65

Ophthalmoscopy

478 (20.3)

      

Souza et al. [21]

2020

Cross-sectional

Viçosa and Santo Antônio do Monte, MG

  

1331

62.8

Color fundus photography

394 (29.6)

      

Steck et al. [88]

1993

Cross-sectional

Franco da Rocha, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

142

66.2

Ophthalmoscopy

104 (73.2)

    

21 (20.2)

 

Sugano et al. [89]

2001

Cross-sectional

São Bernardo do Campo, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

215

47.9

Ophthalmoscopy

53 (24.7)

      

Syllos et al. [90]

2006

Case–control

Passo Fundo, RS

Type 2

15.9 (± 5.7)

170

60

Ophthalmoscopy

56 (32.9)

      

Tres et al. [91]

2007

Cross-sectional

Passo Fundo, RS

Type 2

8 (± 6.7)

340

59.7

Ophthalmoscopy

98 (28.8)

      

Viégas et al. [92]

2011

Cross-sectional

Recife, PE

Type 2

10.25 (± 8.5)

148

100

Ophthalmoscopy

51 (34.5)

      

Wobeto et al. [93]

2007

Cross-sectional

Campinas, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

317

62.1

Ophthalmoscopy

156 (49.2)

      

Wolosker et al. [94]

1995

Cross-sectional

São Paulo, SP

Type 1 and 2

 

70

60

 

14 (20)