Table 2 Summary table of potential novel clinical biomarkers

Irisin

1) Increasing insulin sensitivity

2) Inhibiting autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway

3) Inhibiting HG-induced oxidative stress via AMPK/rapamycin signaling pathway

4) Reducing oxidative & nitrosative stress via integrin αVβ5/AKT signaling

Up

[28,29,30, 32]

IGFBP7

Regulating apoptosis, proliferation, and fibrosis

Up

[33]

TGF-β

Inhibiting collagen production and deposition through Smad signaling pathway

Up

[38,39,40,41,42]

Activin A

Inhibiting insulin action through Akt pathway

Up

[43]

GRK2

improving cardiac function by restoring circulating Treg cell populations via targeting of the GRK2-PI3K-Akt pathway

Up

[57, 58]

hFABP

IR and glucose uptake

Up

[85]

CT-1

Cardiac fibrosis, ROS

Cardiac hypertension

Up

[113]

[148]

Gal-3

Promoting cardiac fibrosis and inflammation through TGF-β and Hippo pathways

Up

[92, 93]