Potential clinical biomarkers and perspectives in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Table 1 Summary table of common clinical test markers

Name	Major mechanism	Change	References
ANP,BNP	1) Affecting blood pressure through acting on vascular smooth muscle cells 2) Preventing vascular smooth muscle cell growth and proliferation and vascular fibrosis 3) Acting on the heart itself to suppress cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis	Up	[132, 133]
Ang II	1) Cardiac hypertension and oxidative stress 2) Promoting and suppressing coronary angiogenesis, via VEGF and TSP-1 produced from hypertrophied cardiomyocytes under chronic Hypoxia	Up	[134, 135]
C peptide	Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase and PKC-α	Down	[136]
cTn	Oxidative stress and inflammatory damage	Up	[137] [138] [139]
CK-MB	Apoptosis, Myocardial injury, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation	Up	[57, 140]
CTGF	Cardiac fibrosis,	Up	[131]
hs-CRP	Inflammation, oxidative stress	Up	[128]
Hcy	Oxidative stress	Up	[141]
IL-1β	Promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis by activating the IRAK-2/CHOP pathway of endoplasmic reticulum stress	Up	[142]
TNF-α	Cardiac fibrosis, inflammation	Up	[143, 144]
IL-6	Cardiac remodeling, fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis	Up	[144]
8-OHdG	Oxidative stress and DNA oxidation	Up	[145]
MMPs	Cardiac fibrosis	Down	[146, 147]

βARK1, β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1; CTGF,connective tissue growth factor; cTn,cardiac troponin; CK-MB, creatine kinase MB isoenzyme; Hcy, homocysteine; hs-CRP, hypersensitive-c-reactive-protein; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine; MMPs,matrix metalloproteinase. VEGF,vascular endothelial-derived growth factor;TSP-1, thrombospondin 1

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