Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to SUA levels
Variables | Total (n = 11,177) | Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (< 4.0) | Group 2 (< 4.0–4.9) | Group 3 (5.0–5.9) | Group 4 (6.0–6.9) | Group 5 (≥ 7.0) | P | ||
Age, year | 41.85 ± 0.37 | 39.38 ± 0.43 | 41.07 ± 0.44 | 42.49 ± 0.61 | 42.80 ± 0.54 | 44.45 ± 0.6 |  < 0.001 |
Male, % | 49.2 (0.5) | 9.1 (1.2) | 30.7 (1.1) | 59.4 (1.5) | 78.5 (1.5) | 82.7 (1.7) |  < 0.001 |
Race/ethnicity, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.261 |
 Non-Hispanic White | 76.4 (1.4) | 77.4 (2.0) | 76.3 (1.6) | 76.6 (1.6) | 75.9 (1.6) | 75.0 (2.0) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 10.4 (0.6) | 10.1 (0.9) | 10.0 (0.7) | 10.5 (0.7) | 9.8 (0.8) | 12.5 (1.1) |  |
 Mexican American | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.7 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.5) | 5.4 (0.7) | 5.1 (0.5) |  |
Marital status, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.007 |
 Never married | 17.3 (0.8) | 18.1 (1.6) | 16.3 (1.1) | 17.7 (1.4) | 20.2 (1.9) | 12.8 (1.4) |  |
 Married | 63.2 (0.9) | 22.3 (1.6) | 21.4 (1.1) | 19.9 (1.3) | 15.6 (1.3) | 16.2 (1.3) |  |
 Others | 19.5 (0.7) | 59.5 (1.7) | 62.3 (1.7) | 62.3 (1.3) | 64.2 (1.8) | 70.9 (1.7) |  |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.029 |
 Below high school | 22.4 (1.0) | 19.2 (1.8) | 21.4 (1.4) | 22.8 (1.3) | 24.7 (1.7) | 24.9 (2.1) |  |
 High school | 34.6 (0.8) | 37.9 (1.5) | 34.5 (1.5) | 33.0 (2.1) | 32.7 (1.4) | 32.7 (1.4) |  |
 Over high school | 43.0 (1.3) | 40.7 (1.6) | 42.7 (1.9) | 42.3 (2.1) | 42.4 (2.3) | 42.4 (2.3) |  |
Work at a job or business, % | 71.6 (0.8) | 70.2 (1.4) | 69.8 (1.4) | 72.3 (1.3) | 73.9 (1.5) | 72.3 (1.4) | 0.164 |
Smoking status, % |  |  |  |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
Never | 44.6 (0.9) | 53.3 (1.6) | 53.3 (1.6) | 46.4 (1.5) | 42.5 (1.5) | 37.7 (2.4) | Â |
 Former | 25.4 (0.7) | 18.0 (1.4) | 22.3 (1.0) | 27.0 (1.4) | 28.9 (2.1) | 34.1 (1.8) |  |
 Active | 30.0 (0.9) | 28.7 (1.4) | 31.2 (1.4) | 30.5 (1.4) | 30.3 (1.7) | 28.2 (2.1) |  |
Alcohol drinkers, % | 20.8 (0.9) | 13.3 (1.5) | 18.4 (1.3) | 21.4 (1.1) | 25.2 (2.0) | 28.5 (2.1) |  < 0.001 |
Sedentary behavior, % | 19.9 (0.9) | 21.7 (1.6) | 21.3 (1.3) | 18.5 (1.4) | 19.4 (1.4) | 18.4 (1.6) | 0.262 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.53 ± 0.12 | 23.91 ± 0.15 | 25.44 ± 0.11 | 26.98 ± 0.21 | 27.95 ± 0.17 | 29.65 ± 0.24 |  < 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 91.62 ± 0.26 | 82.14 ± 0.41 | 87.75 ± 0.40 | 93.25 ± 0.42 | 97.25 ± 0.40 | 101.99 ± 0.51 |  < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 122.29 ± 0.38 | 114.97 ± 0.56 | 119.57 ± 0.46 | 123.71 ± 0.50 | 126.85 ± 0.66 | 129.07 ± 0.68 |  < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75.31 ± 0.26 | 71.28 ± 0.35 | 73.67 ± 0.29 | 76.12 ± 0.36 | 77.95 ± 0.41 | 79.13 ± 0.52 |  < 0.001 |
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 18.03 ± 0.43 | 13.76 ± 0.51 | 15.33 ± 0.38 | 18.09 ± 0.46 | 22.06 ± 0.77 | 23.75 ± 0.75 |  < 0.001 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 0.009 |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.57 ± 0.02 | 1.10 ± 0.02 | 1.35 ± 0.02 | 1.56 ± 0.03 | 1.83 ± 0.03 | 2.31 ± 0.11 |  < 0.001 |
Cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.23 ± 0.02 | 4.91 ± 0.03 | 5.15 ± 0.03 | 5.29 ± 0.03 | 5.35 ± 0.04 | 5.52 ± 0.05 |  < 0.001 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.31 ± 0.01 | 1.47 ± 0.02 | 1.39 ± 0.02 | 1.28 ± 0.01 | 1.18 ± 0.01 | 1.13 ± 0.02 |  < 0.001 |
Fasting blood glucose, mmol/L | 5.40 ± 0.02 | 5.27 ± 0.08 | 5.28 ± 0.04 | 5.42 ± 0.04 | 5.54 ± 0.05 | 5.58 ± 0.04 |  < 0.001 |
Fasting insulin, μU/mL | 10.69 ± 0.23 | 8.42 ± 0.35 | 9.15 ± 0.24 | 10.66 ± 0.33 | 12.2 ± 0.34 | 15.01 ± 0.68 |  < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 2.83 ± 0.08 | 2.20 ± 0.14 | 2.37 ± 0.09 | 2.84 ± 0.13 | 3.26 ± 0.15 | 4.07 ± 0.25 |  < 0.001 |