| Overweight/obesity | ||
---|---|---|---|
 | No | Yes | *p-value |
N (%) | 825 (59.4) | 565 (40.6) | Â |
Demographic data | Â | Â | Â |
 Gender, female n (%) | 470(57.0) | 332 (58.8.0) | 0.5 |
 Age, year | 32.7 ± 11.03 | 34.9 ± 10.4 |  < 0.001 |
 Diabetes duration, year | 16.88 ± 9.2 | 18.3 ± 9.3 | 0.002 |
 Age at diagnosis, year | 16.1 ± 9.0 | 16.5 ± 9.4 | 0.03 |
 Time of follow up, year | 8.6 [9.2] | 11.3. [10.9] |  < 0.001 |
 Level of care, tertiary n (%) | 531(64.4) | 375 (66.4) | 0.4 |
 Health care insurance(public and private), yes n(%) | 238 (28.8) | 191(33.8) | 0.05 |
 Years of study, year | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 10.8 ± 2.3 | 0.7 |
 Smoker, yes n(%) | 45(5.5) | 30(5.3) | 0.05 |
Ethnicity, y (%)a | Â | Â | Â |
 Caucasian | 465 (56.4) | 314 (55.6) | 0.7 |
Geographic region, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.3 |
 Southeast | 395 (47.9) | 277(49.9) |  |
 South | 121(14.7) | 89(15.8) |  |
 North/Northeast | 225(27.3) | 131(23.2) |  |
 Mid-west | 84(10.2) | 68(12.2) |  |
Economic status (%) | Â | Â | 0.03 |
 High | 18(2.2) | 27 (4.8) |  |
 Medium | 378(45.8) | 271(48.0) |  |
 Low | 402(48.7) | 252(44.6) |  |
 Very Low | 27(3.3) | 15(2.7) |  |
Diabetes management and treatment | Â | Â | Â |
 HbA1c (%) | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 8.8 ± 1.8 | 0.5 |
 HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 73.3 ± 23.1 | 72.7 ± 19.8 |  |
 HbA1c < 7.0% n (%) | 129(28.8) | 73(24.8) | 0.4 |
 HbA1c (%) year before  HbA1c (mmol/mol), year before | 8.8 ± 2.2 72.9 ± 24.0 | 8.9 ± 1.8 71.8 ± 20.4 | 0.4 |
 Insulin dose (U//day) | 50,1 ± 22.4 | 60.7 ± 25.1 |  < 0.001 |
 Insulin dose (U/kg/day) | 0.84 ± 0.4 | 0.80 ± 0.31 | 0.05 |
 SMBG, yes n (%) | 776(94.1) | 527 (93.3) | 0.7 |
 SMBG, n | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | 0.4 |
 Adherence to diet, yes n(%) | 465 (63.3) | 275(56.6) | 0.02 |
 Physical activity, yes n(%) | 393(47.7) | 280(49.6) | 0.4 |
 Number of clinical visits/year | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 0.7 |
 Insulin Therapeutic regimen (ITR), n(%) |  |  | 0.2 |
 NPH or NPH + regular | 744 (90.2) | 520(92.0) |  |
 Insulin analogs (long or short-acting) | 46(5.6) | 31(5.5) |  |
 CSII | 35(4.2) | 14(2.5) |  |
 Bolus (%) | 0.32 ± 0.15 | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.4 |
 Adherence to ITR, yes n(%) | 95(19.9) | 53(16.9) | 0.3 |
Clinical data | Â | Â | Â |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 22,2 ± 2.2 | 28,3 ± 3.5 |  < 0.001 |
 Waist circumference(WC), cm | 78.4 ± 8.3 | 92.6 ± 10.5 |  < 0.001 |
 Systolic blood pressure | 122.5 ± 16.3 | 127.1 ± 15.9 |  < 0.001 |
 Diastolic blood pressure | 75.5 ± 10.3 | 78.1 ± 9.8 |  < 0.001 |
 Hypertension, yes n(%) | 144 (17.5) | 165 (29.3) |  < 0.001 |
Metabolic Syndrome data | Â | Â | Â |
 Metabolic syndrome, yes n(%)c | 119(15.1) | 323 (60.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Waist circumference, yes n (%) | 170 (21.1) | 428(77.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Acanthosis yes n(%) | 15(1.9) | 48(8.7) |  < 0.001 |
 Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, yes n(%) | 313 (37.9) | 303(53.6) |  < 0.001 |
 Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 80[51.0] | 108 [96.5] |  < 0.001 |
 High triglycerides, yes n(%) | 99(12.2) | 131(23.9) |  < 0.001 |
 HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.3 ± 17.7 | 53.9 ± 21.0 | 0.008 |
 Low HDL-Cholesterol, yes n(%) | 183 (22.6) | 173(31.6) |  < 0.001 |
Laboratory data | Â | Â | Â |
 Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 2.2 |  < 0.001 |
 Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.3 ± 44.9 | 193.9 ± 56.0 | 0.002 |
 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.1 ± 39.1 | 113.2 ± 42.2 | 0.02 |
 LDL-cholesterol < 100 mg/dl),yes n(%) | 447(55.4) | 313(56.6) | 0.7 |
 Non-HDL-cholesterol(mg/dL) | 127.1 ± 43.6 | 138.7 ± 49.1 |  < 0.001 |
 ALT, U/L | 11.0 [7.0] | 13.0 [10.0] |  < 0.001 |
 AST, U/L | 17.0 [9.0] | 19.0[12.0] | 0.001 |
 GGT, mg/dL | 18.0[14.0] | 21.0[17.0] | 0.5 |
 Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.04 [0.33] | 1.2 [0.35] | 0.001 |
 C reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.13 [0.31] | 0.32[0.69] | 0.001 |
Medications | Â | Â | Â |
 Metformin, yes n(%) | 54 6.5) | 124(21.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Anti-hypertensive drugs, yes n(%) | 224(27.4) | 220(39.2) |  < 0.001 |
 Statin yes n(%) | 183(22.2) | 179(31.7) |  < 0.001 |
Family history | Â | Â | Â |
 Overweight/obesity, yes n(%) | 158(19.2) | 174(30.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Diabetes type 2, yes n(%) | 224(27.2) | 181(32.0) | 0.049 |
 Hypertension | 472(57.2) | 358(63.4) | 0.02 |
 Coronary disease | 138(16.7) | 126(22.3) | 0.009 |
Diabetes-related chronic complications | Â | Â | Â |
 Retinopathy, yes n (%) | 320(41.9) | 240 (45.1) | 0.2 |
 FLI | 9.9[12.5] | 39.4[43.4] |  < 0.001 |
 FLI, ≥ 60,n (%) | 11(1.4) | 152(28.8) |  < 0.001 |
 CKD, yes n (%) | 222(27.2) | 166(29.7) | 0.3 |
 GFR, mL/min/1.73m2b | 81.3 ± 26.0 | 78.3 ± 25.2 | 0.03 |
 Albuminuria, mg/dL | 9.2[22.8] | 9.4[22.7] | 0.4 |