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Table 1 Clinical, demographic and laboratory data stratified by the presence of overweight/obesity

From: Prevalence of overweight/obesity and its relationship with metabolic syndrome and fatty liver index in adult patients with type 1 diabetes. A Brazilian multicenter study

 

Overweight/obesity

 

No

Yes

*p-value

N (%)

825 (59.4)

565 (40.6)

 

Demographic data

   

 Gender, female n (%)

470(57.0)

332 (58.8.0)

0.5

 Age, year

32.7 ± 11.03

34.9 ± 10.4

 < 0.001

 Diabetes duration, year

16.88 ± 9.2

18.3 ± 9.3

0.002

 Age at diagnosis, year

16.1 ± 9.0

16.5 ± 9.4

0.03

 Time of follow up, year

8.6 [9.2]

11.3. [10.9]

 < 0.001

 Level of care, tertiary n (%)

531(64.4)

375 (66.4)

0.4

 Health care insurance(public and private), yes n(%)

238 (28.8)

191(33.8)

0.05

 Years of study, year

10.9 ± 2.5

10.8 ± 2.3

0.7

 Smoker, yes n(%)

45(5.5)

30(5.3)

0.05

Ethnicity, y (%)a

   

 Caucasian

465 (56.4)

314 (55.6)

0.7

Geographic region, n (%)

  

0.3

 Southeast

395 (47.9)

277(49.9)

 

 South

121(14.7)

89(15.8)

 

 North/Northeast

225(27.3)

131(23.2)

 

 Mid-west

84(10.2)

68(12.2)

 

Economic status (%)

  

0.03

 High

18(2.2)

27 (4.8)

 

 Medium

378(45.8)

271(48.0)

 

 Low

402(48.7)

252(44.6)

 

 Very Low

27(3.3)

15(2.7)

 

Diabetes management and treatment

   

 HbA1c (%)

8.8 ± 2.1

8.8 ± 1.8

0.5

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

73.3 ± 23.1

72.7 ± 19.8

 

 HbA1c < 7.0% n (%)

129(28.8)

73(24.8)

0.4

 HbA1c (%) year before

 HbA1c (mmol/mol), year before

8.8 ± 2.2

72.9 ± 24.0

8.9 ± 1.8

71.8 ± 20.4

0.4

 Insulin dose (U//day)

50,1 ± 22.4

60.7 ± 25.1

 < 0.001

 Insulin dose (U/kg/day)

0.84 ± 0.4

0.80 ± 0.31

0.05

 SMBG, yes n (%)

776(94.1)

527 (93.3)

0.7

 SMBG, n

3.6 ± 1.5

3.7 ± 1.5

0.4

 Adherence to diet, yes n(%)

465 (63.3)

275(56.6)

0.02

 Physical activity, yes n(%)

393(47.7)

280(49.6)

0.4

 Number of clinical visits/year

3.7 ± 1.7

3.6 ± 1.7

0.7

 Insulin Therapeutic regimen (ITR), n(%)

  

0.2

 NPH or NPH + regular

744 (90.2)

520(92.0)

 

 Insulin analogs (long or short-acting)

46(5.6)

31(5.5)

 

 CSII

35(4.2)

14(2.5)

 

 Bolus (%)

0.32 ± 0.15

0.33 ± 0.14

0.4

 Adherence to ITR, yes n(%)

95(19.9)

53(16.9)

0.3

Clinical data

   

 BMI, kg/m2

22,2 ± 2.2

28,3 ± 3.5

 < 0.001

 Waist circumference(WC), cm

78.4 ± 8.3

92.6 ± 10.5

 < 0.001

 Systolic blood pressure

122.5 ± 16.3

127.1 ± 15.9

 < 0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure

75.5 ± 10.3

78.1 ± 9.8

 < 0.001

 Hypertension, yes n(%)

144 (17.5)

165 (29.3)

 < 0.001

Metabolic Syndrome data

   

 Metabolic syndrome, yes n(%)c

119(15.1)

323 (60.5)

 < 0.001

 Waist circumference, yes n (%)

170 (21.1)

428(77.8)

 < 0.001

 Acanthosis yes n(%)

15(1.9)

48(8.7)

 < 0.001

 Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, yes n(%)

313 (37.9)

303(53.6)

 < 0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

80[51.0]

108 [96.5]

 < 0.001

 High triglycerides, yes n(%)

99(12.2)

131(23.9)

 < 0.001

 HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

58.3 ± 17.7

53.9 ± 21.0

0.008

 Low HDL-Cholesterol, yes n(%)

183 (22.6)

173(31.6)

 < 0.001

Laboratory data

   

 Uric acid (mg/dL)

4.9 ± 1.7

5.5 ± 2.2

 < 0.001

 Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)

185.3 ± 44.9

193.9 ± 56.0

0.002

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

108.1 ± 39.1

113.2 ± 42.2

0.02

 LDL-cholesterol < 100 mg/dl),yes n(%)

447(55.4)

313(56.6)

0.7

 Non-HDL-cholesterol(mg/dL)

127.1 ± 43.6

138.7 ± 49.1

 < 0.001

 ALT, U/L

11.0 [7.0]

13.0 [10.0]

 < 0.001

 AST, U/L

17.0 [9.0]

19.0[12.0]

0.001

 GGT, mg/dL

18.0[14.0]

21.0[17.0]

0.5

 Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.04 [0.33]

1.2 [0.35]

0.001

 C reactive protein (mg/dL)

0.13 [0.31]

0.32[0.69]

0.001

Medications

   

 Metformin, yes n(%)

54 6.5)

124(21.9)

 < 0.001

 Anti-hypertensive drugs, yes n(%)

224(27.4)

220(39.2)

 < 0.001

 Statin yes n(%)

183(22.2)

179(31.7)

 < 0.001

Family history

   

 Overweight/obesity, yes n(%)

158(19.2)

174(30.8)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes type 2, yes n(%)

224(27.2)

181(32.0)

0.049

 Hypertension

472(57.2)

358(63.4)

0.02

 Coronary disease

138(16.7)

126(22.3)

0.009

Diabetes-related chronic complications

   

 Retinopathy, yes n (%)

320(41.9)

240 (45.1)

0.2

 FLI

9.9[12.5]

39.4[43.4]

 < 0.001

 FLI, ≥ 60,n (%)

11(1.4)

152(28.8)

 < 0.001

 CKD, yes n (%)

222(27.2)

166(29.7)

0.3

 GFR, mL/min/1.73m2b

81.3 ± 26.0

78.3 ± 25.2

0.03

 Albuminuria, mg/dL

9.2[22.8]

9.4[22.7]

0.4

  1. The data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD or median [IQR, interquartile range];* p < 0.05 was considered significant
  2. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, FLI fatty liver index
  3. aAfrican-Brazilians, Mulattos, Asians, Native Amerindians were considered as non-Caucasians.,††Physical activity, at least 3/ times per week.
  4. bGlomerular filtration rate
  5. cMetabolic syndrome was defined according to International Diabetes Federation (WC ≥ 90 cm in South American men or ≥ 80 cm in South American women; triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L) or on drug therapy for elevated triglycerides; HDL < 40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) in men or < 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in women or on drug therapy for low HDL; elevated blood pressure (systolic or diastolic) ≥ 130/85 mmHg or the use of antihypertensive drugs)
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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