Comparison of diabetes distress and depression screening results of emerging adults with type 1 diabetes onset at different ages: findings from the German early-onset T1D study and the German Diabetes Study (GDS)

Table 2 Doubly robust estimates of potential outcome means and average causal effects

Outcome	Study group	Model 0			Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Outcome		n	Mean (CI) or Difference (CI)^a	P	n	POM (CI) or ACE (CI)^b	P	n	POM (CI) or ACE (CI)^b	P	n	POM (CI) or ACE (CI)^b	P
PAID-20 total score	Adult-onset	145	23.9 (21.0, 26.7)		145	26.5 (22.1, 30.8)		144	32.1 (28.0, 36.1)		144	32.0 (27.9, 36.1)
	Childhood-onset	724	21.8 (20.5, 23.1)		724	21.4 (20.1, 22.7)		682	21.0 (19.6, 22.4)		682	21.0 (19.6, 22.3)
	Difference	869	2.1 (-1.1, 5.2)	0.195	869	5.1 (0.5, 9.6)	0.028	826	11.1 (6.9, 15.3)	< 0.001	826	11.0 (6.8, 15.3)	< 0.001
Positive screening for diabetes distress (%)	Adult-onset	151	18.5 (12.3, 24.7)		151	21.4 (11.6, 31.1)		150	34.5 (24.9, 44.2)		150	33.5 (24.4, 42.6)
	Childhood-onset	742	17.4 (14.7, 20.1)		742	16.9 (14.2, 19.6)		697	16.3 (13.3, 19.2)		697	16.3 (13.4, 19.2)
	Difference	893	1.2 (-5.6, 7.9)	0.738	893	4.5 (-5.7, 14.6)	0.387	847	18.3 (8.3, 28.2)	< 0.001	847	17.2 (7.8, 26.7)	< 0.001
PHQ-9 total score	Adult-onset	152	4.6 (4.0, 5.2)		152	5.2 (4.4, 6.1)		151	5.9 (4.5, 7.2)		151	5.8 (4.6, 7.0)
	Childhood-onset	745	5.7 (5.3, 6.0)		745	5.6 (5.3, 6.0)		698	5.5 (5.2, 5.9)		698	5.6 (5.2, 5.9)
	Difference	897	-1.1 (-1.8, -0.4)	0.003	897	-0.4 (-1.3, 0.5)	0.383	849	0.3 (-1.1, 1.7)	0.660	849	0.3 (-1.0, 1.5)	0.653
Positive screening for depression (%)	Adult-onset	151	12.6 (7.3, 17.9)		151	14.6 (5.8, 23.4)		151	17.2 (4.7, 29.6)		151	16.5 (4.9, 28.0)
	Childhood-onset	727	18.4 (15.6, 21.3)		727	17.9 (15.0, 20.7)		699	17.1 (14.1, 20.1)		699	17.5 (14.5, 20.5)
	Difference	878	-5.8 (-11.8, 0.1)	0.056	878	-3.3 (-12.5, 6.0)	0.491	850	0.0 (-12.7, 12.8)	0.994	850	-1.0 (-13.0, 10.9)	0.878

Model 0: not adjusted. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex and HbA1c level. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, HbA1c level and school-leaving certificate
^aUnadjusted mean and 95% confidence interval (CI) with robust variance estimation
^bEstimate and 95% confidence interval of the potential outcome mean (POM) in the adult-onset and childhood-onset study groups and the respective average causal effect (ACE, difference of the adult-onset and childhood-onset POMs)

ISSN: 1758-5996