Comparison of diabetes distress and depression screening results of emerging adults with type 1 diabetes onset at different ages: findings from the German early-onset T1D study and the German Diabetes Study (GDS)

Table 1 Characteristics of the study groups

Characteristic	Childhood-onset study group		Adult-onset study group		P*
Characteristic	n	Percent or mean (SD)	n	Percent or mean (SD)	P*
Sex					0.004
Male	307	41.0	87	53.4
Female	442	59.0	76	46.6
Age [years]	749	22.4 (3.1)	163	26.5 (3.2)	< .001
Nationality					0.010
German	728	98.0	158	96.9
Other	5	0.7	5	3.1
German and other	10	1.4	0	0
Employment
Not employed, training, federal volunteer service, time off (maternity/parental leave)	492	66.1	58	35.6	< .001
Employed part-time/hourly	65	8.7	20	12.3
Employed full time	187	25.1	85	52.2
School-leaving certificate					0.036
High school graduation	378	50.5	97	59.5
Other^a	371	49.5	66	40.5
Diabetes passport use					0.197
Yes	281	37.5	70	42.9
No^b	468	62.5	93	47.1
Age at onset [years]	749	3.2 (1.1)	163	24.2 (3.6)	< .001
Diabetes duration [years]	749	19.1 (3.2)	163	2.3 (3.1)	< .001
BMI	739	24.4 (3.9)	162	24.6 (4.6)	0.876
HbA1_c [mmol/mol]	701	62 (15)	161	48 (10)	< .001
HbA1_c [%]	701	7.8 (1.4)	161	6.6 (0.9)
PAID-20 total score	724	21.8 (17.9)	145	23.9 (17.1)	0.099
Diabetes distress screening					0.733
Negative (PAID-20 score < 40)	613	82.6	123	81.5
Positive (PAID-20 score ≥ 40)	129	17.4	28	18.5
PHQ-9 total score	745	5.7(4.8)	152	4.6 (3.9)	0.025
Depression screening					0.085
Negative (PHQ-9 score < 10)	605	81.1	133	87.5
Positive (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10)	141	18.9	19	12.5

^aincluding missing data (N = 1 with childhood onset and N = 37 with adult onset)
^bincluding missing data (N = 11 with childhood onset and N = 48 with adult onset)
^*P value of the Wilcoxon test or the chi-squared test, as appropriate, for the comparison of the childhood-onset and adult-onset study groups

ISSN: 1758-5996