Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants

Age, year

56.5 ± 14.9

56.3 ± 12.5

NS

Body mass index, kg/m²

26.0 ± 3.7

26.3 ± 3.5

NS

Body fat percentile, %

30.2 ± 5.9

29.4 ± 6.3

NS

Waist circumference, cm

91.4 ± 8.9

92.5 ± 8.6

NS

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

156.1 ± 15.4

154.2 ± 12.6

NS

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

89.7 ± 13.8

89.7 ± 10.4

NS

Heart rate, beats/min

85.0 ± 12.7

85.3 ± 12.6

NS

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

146.8 ± 47.5

161.0 ± 41.5

NS

Postprandial 2 h glucose, mg/dL

250.5 ± 65.9

237.9 ± 61.5

NS

HbA1c, %

7.4 ± 1.4

7.5 ± 1.3

NS

C-peptide, ng/mL

2.6 ± 1.2

2.7 ± 1.2

NS

Insulin, μIU/mL

9.1 ± 5.1

9.8 ± 5.3

NS

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

182.3 ± 44.3

178.8 ± 49.3

NS

Triglyceride^a, mg/dL

119.0 (97.3–265.3)

166.5 (113.3–223.0)

NS

HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

50.0 ± 10.5

51.8 ± 13.0

NS

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

111.0 ± 30.0

106.2 ± 34.5

NS

AST, IU/L

31.6 ± 14.2

33.9 ± 18.5

NS

ALT, IU/L

24.9 ± 21.8

38.5 ± 23.5

NS

eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m²

94.3 ± 25.9

99.0 ± 19.6

NS

hsCRP^a, mg/dL

0.06 (0.03–0.18)

0.06 (0.04–0.12)

NS

UACR^a, mg/g

29.5 (11.1–84.4)

28.3 (11.0–148.0)

NS

UPCR^a, mg/g

109.8 (77.2–249.9)

120.5 (86.8–275.8)

NS

Medication

 Metformin, N (%)

36 (94.7)

37 (92.5)

NS

 Sulfonylurea, N (%)

15 (39.5)

15 (37.5)

NS

 DPP-4 inhibitor, N (%)

15 (39.5)

14 (35.0)

NS

 SGLT-2 inhibitor, N (%)

3 (7.9)

6 (15.0)

NS

 GLP-1 receptor agonist, N (%)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.5)

NS

 Thiazolidinedione, N (%)

3 (7.9)

2 (5.0)

NS