Fig. 8

There is an increased production of Melatonin in T1DM (Type-1 diabetes mellitus) due to the activation of enzyme cascade which causes reduced β- cell function which then reduces the formation of insulin and rises the amount of glucagon in cells resulting in high blood glucose. Then in T2DM, the decreased production of Melatonin causes the increase in mRNA expression of melatonin membrane receptor which leads to the impaired insulin signaling that causes a upsurge in the insulin level leading to beta-cell exhaustion with high glucagon concentration leading to hyperglycemia