Table 2 Biochemical and molecular biomarkers for the prediction and detection of GDM

SHBG

Liver, placenta

1st–13th

85.0

55.3

Lower

[48, 50]

Afamin

Liver, placenta

1st–12th

–

–

Higher

[52]

Ficolin-3

Liver, placenta

16th–18th

51.1

97.7

Lower

[39]

Fetuin-A

Liver, placenta

11–14th

58.6

76.2

Lower

[82]

hs-CRP

Liver, pancreas

4–6th/11–14th

89.0

55.3

Higher

[50]

Visfatin

Adipose, placenta

11–13th

–

–

Higher

[41]

Omentin-1

Adipose, placenta

12–15th

–

–

Lower

[45]

Adiponectin

Adipose, breast

6th–32nd

80.7

65.1

Lower

[39]

Leptin

Adipose, breast

14–20th/ 24–28th

81.2

64.2

Higher

[36]

1,5-anhydroglucitol

Liver

–

–

–

lower

[83]

Glycosylated fibronectin

Liver

–

–

–

Higher

[84]

miR-16-5p

Placenta

4–6th/16th

41.6

95.8

Higher

[85]

miR-17-5p

Placenta

4–6th/16th

21.4

95.4

Higher

[85]

miR-19a/b-3p

Placenta

16th

–

–

Higher

[9]

miR-20a-5p

Placenta

4–6th/16th

17.8

95.4

Higher

[85]

miR-21-3p

Placenta

7th–23rd/30–36th

52.6

89.3

Higher

[67]

miR-29a

Placenta

16th

–

–

Lower

[60]

miR-132

Placenta

16th

66.7

63.3

Lower

[60]

miR-155-5p

Placenta

16th

–

–

Higher

[66]

miR-222

Placenta

16th

–

–

Lower

[60]

BHBA

Urine/Plasma

12th–28th

–

–

Higher

[55]

L-tryptophan

Urine/Plasma

12th–28th

–

–

Higher

[55]

Alanin

Urine/Plasma

12th–28th

–

–

Higher

[55]

Serotonin

Urine/Plasma

12th–28th

–

–

Higher

[55]

IL-6

Adipose, lung

12–15th

–

–

Higher

[9]

TNFα

Macrophages (adipose, placenta)

24–28th

–

–

Higher

[9]

Mean platelet volume

Platelets

Second trimester

–

–

Higher

[86]

hsa_circRNA_0039480

Plasma-drived exosomal

First trimesters

54

93

Higher

[87]

hsa_circRNA_0054633

Placenta

Second and third trimesters

–

–

Higher

[88]