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Table 2 Subgroups analysis of BP in offspring of women with HIP

From: Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and offspring blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BP outcomes

No. of studies

No. of experimental group

No. of control group

Effect size (mmHg)

P-value

Heterogeneity*

SBP

 Sex

  Male

7

382

39201

2.12 [0.43, 3.81]

0.01

P = 0.11; I2 = 42%

  Female

7

328

24825

2.99 [1.59, 4.38]

 < 0.001

P = 0.36; I2 = 9%

WHO region

 EUR

2

34

42

− 2.21 [− 6.31, 1.88]

0.29

P = 0.16; I2 = 49%

 AMR

7

487

5528

2.08 [0.97, 3.19]

 < 0.001

P = 0.34; I2 = 12%

 SEAR

2

61

546

2.74 [0.39, 5.09]

0.02

P = 0.31; I2 = 1%

 WPR

3

773

1473

2.57 [1.74, 3.39]

 < 0.001

P = 0.44; I2 = 0%

 EMR

1

293

59499

/

/

/

WB region

 HICs

10

874

62527

1.44 [0.32, 2.55]

0.01

P = 0.06; I2 = 46%

 UMICs

3

713

4015

2.79 [1.90, 3.68]

 < 0.001

P = 0.81; I2 = 0%

 LMICs

2

61

546

2.74 [0.39, 5.09]

0.02

P = 0.31; I2 = 1%

Published year

 Before 2010

8

324

1715

1.58 [-0.40, 3.56]

0.12

P = 0.04; I2 = 53%

 After 2011

7

1324

65373

2.07 [1.35, 2.80]

 < 0.001

P = 0.27; I2 = 21%

Insulin treatment

 Insulin-treated

7

884

2299

2.04 [0.44, 3.65]

0.01

P = 0.03; I2 = 57%

 Insulin-untreated

8

764

64788

1.35 [0.65, 2.06]

 < 0.001

P = 0.23; I2 = 24%

BP measurement

 Digital measurement

8

592

6468

2.45 [1.59, 3.32]

 < 0.001

P = 0.86; I2 = 0%

 Manual measurement

3

883

60094

2.30 [1.21, 3.39]

 < 0.001

P = 0.24; I2 = 29%

DBP

 Sex

  Male

6

333

38953

1.76 [0.89, 2.63]

 < 0.001

P = 0.61; I2 = 0%

  Female

6

285

24567

1.71 [0.44, 2.99]

0.008

P = 0.16; I2 = 36%

WHO region

 EUR

2

34

42

− 1.22 [− 5.21, 2.76]

0.55

P = 0.12; I2 = 59%

 AMR

5

344

3987

0.51 [− 1.10, 2.11]

0.54

P = 0.08; I2 = 51%

 SEAR

2

61

546

1.21 [− 0.42, 2.84]

0.15

P = 0.41; I2 = 0%

 WPR

3

773

1473

1.27 [− 0.12, 2.66]

0.07

P = 0.05; I2 = 68%

 EMR

1

293

59499

/

/

/

WB region

 HICs

8

731

60987

0.70 [− 0.52, 1.91]

0.26

P = 0.003; I2 = 67%

 UMICs

3

172

3488

0.21 [− 2.45, 2.86]

0.88

P = 0.11; I2 = 54%

 LMICs

2

61

546

1.21 [− 0.42, 2.84]

0.15

P = 0.41; I2 = 0%

Published year

 Before 2010

7

273

680

0.68 [− 1.10, 2.47]

0.45

P = 0.01; I2 = 64%

 After 2011

6

1232

64967

0.88 [0.17, 1.59]

0.02

P = 0.14; I2 = 39%

Insulin treatment

 Insulin-treated

6

943

854

0.03 [− 1.26, 1.32]

0.97

P = 0.09; I2 = 48%

 Insulin-untreated

6

532

1694

1.74 [0.45, 3.03]

0.008

P = 0.01; I2 = 68%

BP measurement

 Digital measurement

6

449

4927

1.71 [0.92, 2.50]

 < 0.001

P = 0.54; I2 = 0%

 Manual measurement

3

883

60094

1.03 [0.01, 2.05]

0.05

P = 0.13; I2 = 51%

  1. All effect sizes’were calculated by subgroups’ mean difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)
  2. ODM Offspring of women with diabetes mellitus, OGDM Offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus, EUR European Region, AMR Region of the Americas, SEAR South-East Asia Region, WPR Western Pacific Region, EMR Eastern Mediterranean Region
  3. *P value from the χ2 test
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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