Table 1 Studies included in the systematic review investigating the association between exposure to HIP and offspring BP
From: Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy and offspring blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study, year | Study setting | Study design | Study details | Maternal diabetes type | Diabetes definition | Diabetes treatment | BP measurement | Outcome | Number of participants | Mean±SD in cases | Mean±SD in controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vohr et al. 1995 [49] | USA | Prospective cohort | All mothers were screened for GDM in a universal screen program instituted in 1982. | GDM. | Criteria for screening tests for GDM [52] | Treatment with insulin and diet. | Digital measurement. | NR | 119; 143 | NR | NR |
Pribylova et al. 1996 [45] | The Czech Republic | Prospective cohort | Control: offspring of healthy mothers without a family history of diabetes. | T1DM. | Medical diagnosis. | NR | NR | SBP, DBP | 148; 31 | NR | 107.0 ± 14.48 65.7 ± 10.58 |
Cho et al. 2000 [35] | USA | Prospective cohort | Control: children whose mothers had normal OGTT result. | GDM, preGDM. | Criteria for screening tests for GDM. | Diet controlled unless glycemic targets not achieved, then insulin controlled. | Manual measurement | SBP, DBP | 99(GDM: 44, preGDM: 55); 80 | 118.0 ± 12.0 70.5 ± 9.5 | 110 ± 11.3 68.9 ± 9.4 |
Manderson et al. 2002 [41] | UK | Prospective cohort | Control: children ‘without family history of diabetes’. | T1DM. | Medical diagnosis. | Treatment with insulin. | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | 61; 57 | 103.8 ± 10.2 57.8 ± 6.9 | 105.8 ± 13.9 58.8 ± 10.5 |
Bunt et al. 2005 [32] | India | Prospective cohort | Children of a diabetic pregnancy born before the mother developed diabetes. | T2DM. | GWHO. | NR | Manual measurement | SBP, DBP | 22; 20 | 118.0 ± 13.0 63.1 ± 10.2 | 107.0 ± 10 61.6 ± 8.9 |
Boney et al. 2005 [31] | Rhode Island-USA | Retrospective cohort | Control: children ‘without family history of diabetes’. | GDM. | Carpenter and Coustan criteria. | Diet controlled unless glycemic target not achieved, then insulin controlled. | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | 81; 77 | 107.4 ± 10.4 57.9 ± 8.2 | 104.2 ± 8.6 55.5 ± 7.9 |
Tam et al. 2008 [47] | HK-CHN | Prospective study | Control: children whose mothers had normal OGTT result. | GDM. | GWHO 1999. | NR | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | 63; 101 | 91.0 ± 11.7 61.0 ± 5.1 | 90.0 ± 10.9 58.0±7.1 |
Buzinaro et al. 2008 [33] | Brazil | Prospective cohort | Control: children whose mothers had normal OGTT result. | GDM. | Diagnosed by OGTT result. | Insulin treatment in 31% of the mothers. | NR | SBP, DBP | 23; 27 | 102.0 ± 13.0 68.0 ± 9.0 | 101.0 ± 11.0 68.0±10.0 |
Pirkola et al. 2008 [44] | Oulu-Finland | Prospective cohort | Control: children whose mothers had normal OGTT result. | T1DM, GDM. | National guidelines. | Diet controlled unless glycemic targets not achieved. | NR | SBP, DBP | 38(GDM: 22, T1DM: 16); 25 | 99.2 ± 6.2 60.2 ± 5.4 | 101.7 ± 7.7 58.1 ±6.6 |
Wright et al. 2009 [51] | Massachusetts-USA | Prospective cohort | Control: children whose mothers had normal OGTT result. | GDM. | Diagnosed by OGTT result. | Treated with diet, exercise, and in some cases insulin. | Digital measurement | SBP | 51; 1035 | 96.0 ± 11.0 NR | 92.0 ± 10.0 NR |
Catalano et al. 2009 [34] | USA | Prospective cohort | Control: children whose mothers had normal OGTT result. | GDM. | National Diabetes Data Group criteria. | Diet controlled unless glycemic target not achieved, then insulin controlled. | NR | SBP, DBP | 37; 52 | 110.0 ± 11.0 58.0 ± 7.0 | 108.0 ± 12.0 60.0 ± 8.0 |
Krishnaveni et al. 2010 [37] | Mysore-India | Prospective cohort | Control: children whose mothers had normal OGTT result. | GDM. | Carpenter and Coustan criteria. | NR | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | 35; 381 | 104.54 ± 9.44 59.97 ± 5.8 | 100.65 ± 8.78 58.25 ± 6.75 |
Kvehaugen et al. 2010 [39] | Oslo-Norway | Prospective cohort | Cardiovascular health in mother and offspring after pregnancy complications | T1DM, GDM. | GWHO. | NR | Manual measurement | SBP, DBP | 22(GDM: 12, T1DM: 10); 17 | 97.0 ± 7.2 58.6 ± 6.2 | 98.2 ± 5.7 58.1 ± 4.6 |
Lindsay et al. 2010 [40] | Scotland | Prospective cohort | FIGS study. All mothers were screened for GDM. | T1DM. | National Guidelines. | NR | Digital measurement | NR | 100; 45 | NR | NR |
West [50] et al. 2011 | Colorado-USA | Retrospective cohort | Control: children without intrauterine growth restriction. | T1DM, GDM. | Diagnosed by OGTT result. | NR | NR | SBP, DBP | 99(GDM: 91, T1DM: 8); 422 | 102.9 ± 9.6 69.4 ± 7.7 | 103.2±10.1 70.1±7.8 |
Tsadok et al. 2011 [48] | Jerusalem-Israel | Retrospective cohort | All births occurred in western Jerusalem between 1964 and 1976. | GDM. | Medical diagnosis. | NR | Manual measurement | SBP, DBP | 293; 59499 | 121.56 ± 12.30 75.12 ± 7.44 | 119.84 ± 12.06 73.47±8.30 |
Rijpert et al. 2011 [46] | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | Investigator blinded to specific characteristics of the pregnancy and neonatal outcome. | T1DM. | Medical diagnosis. | Treatment with insulin. | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | 213; 79 | 100.4 ± 8.8 58.8 ± 5.8 | 96.5 ± 8.0 58.1 ± 5.3 |
Krishnaveni et al. 2015 [38] | India | Prospective cohort | Children whose mothers divided by OGTT results. | GDM. | Medical diagnosis. | NR | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | 26; 165 | 110.5 ± 8.1 61.7 ± 6.5 | 109 ± 8.3 61.4 ± 7.0 |
Tam et al. 2017 [21] | HK-CHN | Prospective cohort | Children whose mothers divided by OGTT results. | GDM. | GWHO 2013. | NR | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | 132; 794 | 104 ± 8.7 63.0 ± 8.1 | 102.0 ± 8.9 62.0 ± 7.9 |
Guttier et al. 2019 [36] | Pelotas- Brazil | Prospective cohort | Data from the hospital interview and the 6- and 11 year follow-ups were used. | GDM. | Medical diagnosis. | NR | Digital measurement | SBP, DBP | Two age groups; 112; 3410 111; 3381 | 101.53 ± 11.13 62.21 ± 9.34; 115.79 ± 11.34 67.76 ± 8.01 | 99.07 ± 9.63 60.42 ± 8.75; 113.03 ± 11.25 66.02 ± 8.72 |
Miranda et al. 2019 [42] | Porto- Portugal | Prospective cohort | Recruited 8647 children from all public maternity units of Porto, Portugal, during 2005 to 2006. | T1DM, T2DM, and GDM. | Medical diagnosis. | NR | Manual measurement | SBP, DBP | Three age group: 298; 4223 392; 5178 365; 4760 | 98.60 ± 8.49 58.01 ± 8.18; 106.16 ± 9.18 70.50 ± 7.33; 111.30 ± 9.77 70.22 ± 7.16 | 98.25 ± 8.37 57.73 ± 8.10; 105.47 ± 8.84 69.99 ± 7.58; 109.59 ± 9.31 69.26 ± 6.91 |
Lu et al. 2019 [18] | Tianjin- CHN | Prospective cohort | An urban universal screening of GDM. | GDM. | GWHO 1999. | Treatment with insulin. | Manual measurement | SBP, DBP | 578; 578 | 97.2 ± 8.9 60.3 ± 8.2 | 94.3 ± 8.3 59.9 ± 6.6 |
Perng et al. 2020 [43] | Colorado- USA | Prospective cohort | / | GDM. | Medical diagnosis. | diet and/or exercise only, diet and/or exercise with insulin, and insulin only. | Digital measurement | SBP | 92; 505 | 111.38 ± 8.74 NR | 108.98 ± 11.21 NR |