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Table 1 Clinical characteristics and CGM data of the enrolled outpatients

From: Hypoglycemia unawareness identified by continuous glucose monitoring system is frequent in outpatients with type 2 diabetes without receiving intensive therapeutic interventions

Characteristics

n = 351

Sex

 

 Male

195 (55.6)

 Female

156 (44.4)

Age, years

55.4 ± 14.4

SBP, mmHg

125.5 ± 15.9

DBP, mmHg

75.9 ± 10.0

BMI, kg/m2

22.9 ± 3.1

Duration, years

6.0 (2.0, 11.0)

HbA1c, %

7.1 ± 1.5

HbA1c, mmol/mol

54 ± 16

C-P, ng/mL

1.4 (0.6,2.0)

Comorbidity

 

 Hypertension

45 (12.8)

 Hyperlipidemia

59 (16.8)

 Fatty liver

19 (5.4)

 CCVD

37 (10.5)

Medication

 

 Metformin

97 (27.6)

 DPP-4i

57 (16.2)

 SGLT-2i

15 (4.3)

 α-GI

65 (18.5)

 GLP-1ra

6 (1.7)

 TZD

9 (2.6)

 SU

78 (22.2)

 Insulin therapy

137 (39.0)

 Long-acting insulin

78 (22.2)

 Premixed insulin

36 (10.3)

 Short-acting insulin

58 (16.5)

Complication

 

 DR

54 (15.4)

 DPN

45 (12.8)

 DPVD

17 (4.8)

 DN

17 (4.8)

 DF

2 (0.6)

CGM data

 

 AH (%)

137 (39.0)

  Total TIR, %

84.9 (66.7,96.0)

  Nighttime TIR, %

96.8 (76.0, 100.0)

  Daytime TIR, %

81.9 (61.6,95.6)

  Total TBR, %

2.1 (0.8,5.8)

  Nighttime TBR, %

1.8 (0.0, 10.2)

  Daytime TBR, %

1.1 (0.2,3.7)

  Total TAR, %

12.7 (2.2,32.1)

  Nighttime TAR, %

0.0 (0.0, 17.1)

  Daytime TAR, %

16.2 (2.9,37.6)

 Level 1 AH (%)

84 (23.9)

  Total TIR, %

89.4 (77.6,97.2)

  Nighttime TIR, %

96.3 (80.4, 100.0)

  Daytime TIR, %

88.9 (72.6,97.0)

  Total TBR, %

1.0 (0.6,2.6)

  Nighttime TBR, %

0.1 (0.0,6.3)

  Daytime TBR, %

0.8 (0.2, 1.5)

  Total TAR, %

6.2 (1.0,23.2)

  Nighttime TAR, %

0.0 (0.0,2.2)

  Daytime TAR, %

8.2 (1.3,26.8)

 Level 2 AH (%)

53 (15.1)

  Total TIR, %

74.8 (67.0,85.7)

  Nighttime TIR, %

81.0 (65.5,95.5)

  Daytime TIR, %

74.3 (63.3–85.3)

  Total TBR, %

4.8 (2.5,8.6)

  Nighttime TBR, %

4.6 (1.3, 18.2)

  Daytime TBR, %

3.4 (1.0,7.2)

  Total TAR, %

18.3 (3.9,28.5)

  Nighttime TAR, %

0.7 (0.0, 19.0)

  Daytime TAR, %

20.6 (5.3,33.8)

 DAH (%)

112 (31.9)

  Hypoglycemic events

3.0 (1.0, 10.0)

  Hypoglycemic duration, min

27.0 (11.5,94.5)

NAH (%)

85 (24.2)

 Hypoglycemic events

6.0 (3.0, 12.0)

 Hypoglycemic duration, min

51.0 (23.0, 103.0)

DAH*(%)

52 (14.8)

 Hypoglycemic events

1.0 (1.0, 3.0)

 Hypoglycemic duration, min

12.0 (4.5, 25.0)

NAH*(%)

25 (7.1)

 Hypoglycemic events

1.0 (0.0, 4.0)

 Hypoglycemic duration, min

6.0 (0.0, 37.0)

 Both DAH and NAH (%)

60 (17.1)

 Hypoglycemic events

8.0 (3.0, 14.5)

 Hypoglycemic duration, min

68.0 (27.0,135.0)

  MAGE, mmol/L

4.2 ± 2.2

  SD, mmol/L

1.9 ± 0.9

  MBG, mmol/L

8.2 ± 2.1

  1. Data were present as Mean ± SD or Median (25th percentile, 75th percentile); SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BMI body mass index, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin A1c, C-P C-Peptide, CCVD cardio-cerebral vascular disease, DPP-4i Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2i sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, α-GI alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, GLP-1RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, TZD thiazolidinedione, SU sulfonylurea, DR diabetic retinopathy, DPN diabetic peripheral neuropathy, DPVD diabetic peripheral vascular disease, DN diabetic nephropathy, DF diabetic foot, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, Level 1 AH BG 3.0–3.9 mmol/L, Level 2 AH BG < 3.0 mmol/L, Total TIR total time in range (3.9–10.0 mmol/L), Nighttime TIR time in range (3.9–10.0 mmol/L) during 0:00–6:00, Daytime TIR time in range (3.9–10.0 mmol/L) during 6:00–24:00, Total TBR total time below range (< 3.9 mmol/L), Nighttime TBR time below range (< 3.9 mmol/L) during 0:00–6:00, Daytime TBR time below range (< 3.9 mmol/L) during 6:00–24:00, Total TAR total time above range (> 10.0 mmol/L), Nighttime TAR time above range (> 10.0 mmol/L) during 0:00–6:00, Daytime TAR time above range (> 10.0 mmol/L) during 6:00–24:00, DAH daytime asymptomatic hypoglycemia (defined as 6:00–24:00 blood glucose < 3.9 mmol/L), DAH* asymptomatic hypoglycemia occurred exclusively in the daytime, NAH nocturnal asymptomatic hypoglycemia (defined as 0:00–6:00 blood glucose < 3.9 mmol/L), NAH* asymptomatic hypoglycemia occurred exclusively at night, both DAH and NAH asymptomatic hypoglycemia episodes occurred in both daytime and nighttime, MAGE mean amplitude of plasma glucose excursion, SD glucose standard deviation, MBG mean blood glucose