Fig. 2
From: Roles of physical exercise-induced MiR-126 in cardiovascular health of type 2 diabetes
The mechanism of exercise in improving cardiovascular function in diabetes. Exosomes carried miR-126-3p/-5p plays an important role in control of angiogenesis, autophagy, anti-apoptosis, and glycogenesis, which together contribute to improve diabetic cardiovascular health in diabetes. SPRED1 and PIK3R2 suppress VEGF by separately inactivating the downstream Ras/Raf-1/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Akt phosphorylation is related to autophagy by affecting FoxO and mTOR, as well as anti-apoptosis by increasing Bcl-2. Akt can also phosphorylate glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK3β) for inactivation, which reduces inhibition of GS to increase glycogen