Overt diabetes imposes a comparable burden on outcomes as pregestational diabetes: a cohort study

Table 4 Risk of maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes

Predictor	Maternal outcome		Fetal and perinatal outcomes
	Preeclampsia	p	Macrosomia	p	Admission to NICU	P	Death^a	p
	Total sample = 444		Total sample = 436		Total sample = 424		Total sample = 567
Center (HNSC)	1.335 (0.993–1.795)	0.056	1.011 (0.686–1.489)	0.958	0.837 (0.660–1.062)	0.144	1.075 (0.456–2.534)	0.869
Age	1.009 (0.985–1.033)	0.482	0.989 (0.957–1.023)	0.534	0.980 (0.960–0.999)	0.049
Diabetes duration	1.005 (0.971–1.040)	0.775	0.992 (0.951–1.036)	0.724	1.022 (0.996–1.048)	0.099	1.525 (0.584–3.983)	0.389
Pregestational BMI	1.039 (1.025–1.054)	< 0.001	1.040 (1.016–1.065)	0.001	0.999 (0.983–1.015)	0.923
Recommended GWG
less	0.930 (0.636–1.360)	0.708	0.499 (0.244–1.021)	0.057	1.086 (0.771–1.532)	0.636
more	1.255 (0.866–1.820)	0.230	1.928 (1.146–3.244)	0.013	1.215 (0.882–1.673)	0.233
Insulin use	0.653 (0.451–0.946)	0.024	1.670 (0.600–4.643)	0.326	0.757 (0.509–1.126)	0.170
Hospitalization
First HbA1c							1.271 (1.107–1.459)	0.001
3rd trimester HbA1c	1.033 (0.874–1.221)	0.703	1.338 (1.117–1.604)	0.002	1.221 (1.083–1.376)	0.001
Preeclampsia					1.354 (1.064–1.723)	0.014
SGA (WHO chart)					1.964 (1.199–3.216)	0.007	3.461 (1.207–9.925)	0.021
LGA (WHO chart)					1.463 (1.124–1.904)	0.005	1.096 (0.459–2.618)	0.836
Prenatal appointments							0.906 (0810–1.014)	0.086

Results presented as adjusted relative risk and 95% confidence interval using Poisson regression with robust estimates. 3rd trimester HbA1c refers to any HbA1c measured with a gestational age ≥ 28 weeks
NICU neonatal intensive care unit, BMI body mass index, GWG gestational weight gain, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, SGA small for gestational age, LGA large for gestational age, WHO World Health Organization,
^aIncludes perinatal and neonatal death

ISSN: 1758-5996