Table 2 Pregnancy follow-up and outcomes in women with diabetes according to time of diagnosis
From: Overt diabetes imposes a comparable burden on outcomes as pregestational diabetes: a cohort study
Outcome | Diabetes | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Pregestational | Overt | ||
n = 618 (100) | n = 414 (67) | n = 204 (33) | ||
Center of enrollment | 0.700 | |||
HCPA | 284 (46.0) | 193 (46.6) | 91 (44.6) | |
HNSC | 334 (54.0) | 221 (53.4) | 113 (55.4) | |
Maternal outcomes | ||||
Specialized appointments | 7.0 [3.0–10.0] | 8.0 [4.0–11.0] | 5.0 [2.0–9.0] | < 0.001 |
617 | 413 | 204 | ||
Insulin use | 511 (84.3) | 347 (85.3) | 164 (82.4) | 0.432 |
606 | 407 | 199 | ||
Hospitalization due to diabetes | 344 (58.7) | 234 (59.2) | 110 (57.3) | 0.771 |
586 (94.8) | 395 | 191 | ||
Total weight gain | 8.2 (7.5) | 8.2 (6.7) | 8.1 (9.0) | 0.929 |
565 | 378 | 187 | ||
Weight gain categoriesa | 0.145 | |||
less than recommended | 211 (37.3) | 131 (34.7) | 80 (42.8) | |
as recommended | 147 (26.0) | 100 (26.5) | 47 (25.1) | |
more than recommended | 207 (36.6) | 147 (38.9) | 60 (32.1) | |
565 | 378 | 187 | ||
HbA1c (≥ 28 weeks) | 6.3 (0.9) | 6.3 (0.9) | 6.3 (1.0) | 0.857 |
475 | 323 | 152 | ||
HbA1c evolution | 0.236 | |||
unchanged | 22 (4.6) | 12 (3.7) | 10 (6.6) | |
increased | 89 (18.7) | 57 (17.6) | 32 (21.1) | |
decreased | 364 (76.6) | 254 (78.6) | 110 (72.4) | |
475 | 323 | 152 | ||
Preeclampsia | 197 (33.4) | 134 (34.1) | 63 (32.1) | 0.703 |
589 | 393 | 196 | ||
Cesarean section | 429 (74.0) | 292 (75.1) | 137 (71.7) | 0.447 |
580 (93.9) | 389 | 191 | ||
Perinatal and neonatal outcomes | ||||
Pregnancy outcome | 0.644 | |||
liveborn | 562 (90.9) | 376 (90.8) | 186 (91.2) | |
stillborn | 17 (2.8) | 13 (3.1) | 4 (2.0) | |
lost to follow-up | 39 (6.3) | 25 (6.0) | 14 (6.9) | |
618 | 424 | 204 | ||
Preterm birth | 139 (24.0) | 99 (25.5) | 40 (21.1) | 0.282 |
578 (93.5) | 388 | 190 | ||
5 min Apgar < 7 | 23 (4.1) | 18 (4.8) | 5 (2.7) | 0.342 |
557 | 373 | 184 | ||
Birth weight (g) | 3278 (797) | 3238 (829) | 3358 (721) | 0.089 |
578 | 388 | 190 | ||
Congenital anomaly | 70 (12.6) | 52 (14.0) | 18 (9.8) | 0.352 |
556 | 372 | 184 | ||
Macrosomia | 87 (15.1) | 59 (15.2) | 28 (14.7) | 0.981 |
578 | 388 | 190 | ||
Birth weight categoriesb | 0.474 | |||
LGA | 219 (38.4) | 150 (39.1) | 70 (37.0) | |
AGA | 322 (56.4) | 217 (56.5) | 106 (56.1) | |
SGA | 30 (5.3) | 17 (4.5) | 13 (6.9) | |
571 | 382 | 189 | ||
Ventilatory disfunction | 144 (26.2) | 99 (27.0) | 45 (24.6) | |
550 | 367 | 183 | 0.619 | |
Hypoglycemia | 117 (21.2) | 82 (22.2) | 35 (19.1) | 0.467 |
552 | 369 | 183 | ||
Jaundice | 185 (33.5) | 125 (33.9) | 60 (32.8) | 0.873 |
552 | 369 | 183 | ||
Sepsis | 103 (18.7) | 71 (19.3) | 32 (17.5) | 0.681 |
550 | 367 | 183 | ||
NICU admission | 234 (42.2) | 168 (45.2) | 66 (36.1) | 0.051 |
555 | 372 | 183 | ||
Deathc | 32 (5.5) | 25 (6.4) | 7 (3.7) | 0.245 |
579 | 389 | 190 | ||