Table 1 Baseline characteristics of pregnant women with diabetes according to time of diagnosis
From: Overt diabetes imposes a comparable burden on outcomes as pregestational diabetes: a cohort study
Characteristic | Diabetes | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All n = 618 (100) | Pregestational n = 414 (67) | Overt n = 204 (33) | ||
Center of enrollment | 0.700 | |||
HCPA | 284 (46.0) | 193 (68.0) | 91 (32) | |
HNSC | 334 (54.0) | 221 (66.2) | 113 (33.8) | |
Age | 33 (5.9) | 33 (5.7) | 32 (6.0) | 0.004 |
White skin color | 433(70.1) | 288 (69.6) | 145 (71.1 | 0.770 |
Schooling (≤ 11 years) | 588 (95.1) | 391 (94.4) | 197 (96.6) | 0.339 |
Smoking | 52 (8.4) | 27 (6.5) | 25 (12.3) | 0.024 |
Length of diagnosis (years) | 4.0 [2.0–7.0] | – | – | |
413 | ||||
Diabetes complications | 0.003 | |||
none | 581 (94.0) | 379 (91.5) | 202 (99.0) | |
retinopathy | 24 (3.9) | 23 (5.6) | 1 (0.5) | |
nephropathy | 10 (1.6) | 9 (2.2) | 1 (0.5) | |
retinopathy + nephropathy | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Family history of diabetes | 416 (67.3) | 291 (70.3) | 125 (61.3) | 0.031 |
Family history of CH | 309 (50.0) | 213 (51.4) | 96 (47.1) | 0.347 |
Number of pregnancies | 3.1 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.0 (1.6) | 0.205 |
Previous miscarriage | 174 (28.2) | 121 (29.2) | 53 (26.0) | 0.454 |
Previous macrosomia | 124 (20.1) | 75 (18.1) | 49 (24.0) | 0.106 |
Chronic hypertension | 143 (23.1) | 108 (26.1) | 35 (17.2) | 0.018 |
Previous gestational diabetes | 195 (31.6) | 133 (32.1) | 62 (30.4) | 0.731 |
First pregnancy | 114 (18.4) | 76 (18.4) | 38 (18.6) | > 0.999 |
Pregestational BMI | 34.3 (7.7) | 34.2 (7.4) | 34.7 (8.2) | 0.396 |
596 | 399 | 197 | ||
BMI categories | 0.718 | |||
normal | 55 (9.2) | 36 (9.0) | 19 (9.6) | |
overweight | 117 (19.6) | 82 (20.6) | 35 (17.8) | |
obesity | 424 (71.1) | 281 (70.4) | 143 (72.6) | |
596 | 399 | 197 | ||
Gestational age at booking | 19.6 [14.0–27.4] | 18.0 [12.9–24.0] | 25.0 [18.0–31.2] | < 0.001 |
Trimester of booking | < 0.001 | |||
first | 123 (19.9) | 103 (24.9) | 20 (9.8) | |
second | 275 (44.5) | 198 (47.8) | 77 (37.7) | |
third | 220 (35.6) | 113 (27.3) | 107 (52.5) | |
Initial HbA1c | 7.2 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.7) | 7.0 (1.3) | 0.008 |
612 (99.0) | 409 | 203 | ||
Weight gain (booking) | 2.9 [0.1–6.0] | 2.6 [0.0–5.2] | 4.0 [0.2–8.4] | 0.003 |
597 | 400 | 197 | ||