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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by cardiovascular health metrics

From: Association of cardiovascular health with diabetic complications, all-cause mortality, and life expectancy among people with type 2 diabetes

Characteristic

Cardiovascular health metrics

P–value

Unfavorable

Intermediate

Favorable

 

n (%)

16,585 (48.87)

15,549 (45.82)

1800 (5.30)

 

Age, mean (SD), year

59.52 (7.13)

59.3 (7.34)

57.84 (8.04)

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

11,129 (67.10)

8034 (51.67)

468 (26.00)

< 0.001

Education level, n (%)

    

 College or University

3562 (21.48)

4260 (27.4)

756 (42)

< 0.001

 Upper secondary

1497 (9.03)

1542 (9.92)

197 (10.94)

 

 Lower secondary

4137 (24.94)

3922 (25.22)

419 (23.28)

 

 Vocational

1482 (8.94)

1252 (8.05)

82 (4.56)

 

 Other

5907 (35.62)

4573 (29.41)

346 (19.22)

 

Socioeconomic status, n (%)a

   

< 0.001

 High

2351 (14.18)

2673 (17.19)

413 (22.94)

 

 Middle

8956 (54)

8969 (57.68)

1083 (60.17)

 

 Low

5278 (31.82)

3907 (25.13)

304 (16.89)

 

Ethnicity, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 White

14,992 (90.39)

13,424 (86.33)

1601 (88.94)

 

 Asian

806 (4.86)

1027 (6.6)

98 (5.44)

 

 Black

420 (2.53)

623 (4.01)

37 (2.06)

 

 Other

367 (2.21)

475 (3.05)

64 (3.56)

 

Current employment status, n (%)

   

0.249

 Worked

9392 (56.63)

8889 (57.17)

1021 (56.72)

 

 Retired

5577 (33.63)

5121 (32.93)

591 (32.83)

 

 Unemployed

280 (1.69)

274 (1.76)

45 (2.5)

 

 Other

1336 (8.06)

1265 (8.14)

143 (7.94)

 

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Excessive

8416 (50.81)

7303 (47.03)

788 (43.78)

 

 Never/moderate

8147 (49.19)

8225 (52.97)

1012 (56.22)

 

Smoking status, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Smoker

11,639 (70.48)

3978 (25.63)

190 (10.56)

 

 Non–smoker

4874 (29.52)

11,542 (74.37)

1610 (89.44)

 

Physical activity, n (%)

    

 Inactive

11,293 (77.89)

4759 (32.57)

250 (14.2)

< 0.001

 Active

3205 (22.11)

9853 (67.43)

1511 (85.8)

 

Diet, n (%)

   

< 0.001

 Unhealthy

13,471 (82.22)

5678 (36.74)

262 (14.58)

 

 Healthy

2914 (17.78)

9778 (63.26)

1535 (85.42)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

   

< 0.001

 ≥ 25 (overweight)

15,742 (97.75)

12,537 (82.12)

363 (20.34)

 

 < 25 (non–overweight)

362 (2.25)

2729 (17.88)

1422 (79.66)

 

Sugar–sweetened beverages, n (%)b

906 (5.46)

843 (5.42)

77 (4.28)

< 0.001

Family history of diabetes, n (%)

6906 (41.64)

6537 (42.04)

581 (32.28)

< 0.001

DBP, median (IQR), mm Hg

83 (76–90)

82 (75–89)

76 (69–84)

< 0.001

DBP, median (IQR), mm Hg

143 (132–156)

143 (131–156)

133 (117–151)

< 0.001

Cholesterol, median (IQR), mmol/L

4.6 (3.92–5.54)

4.8 (4.04–5.69)

4.54 (3.65–5.29)

< 0.001

Triglyceride, median (IQR), mmol/L

2.00 (1.49–2.86)

1.75 (1.25–2.49)

1.19 (0.84–1.71)

< 0.001

 C–reactive protein, median (IQR), mg/L

2.47 (1.17–4.55)

1.88 (0.88–3.47)

0.90 (0.46–1.89)

< 0.001

Serum creatinine, median (IQR), umol/L

72.3 (63.4–83.8)

71.2 (61.1–80.9)

65.2 (57.6–73.8)

< 0.001

  1. BMI body mass index, DBP diastolic blood pressure, IQR interquartile range, SBP systolic blood pressure, SD standard deviation
  2. aSocioeconomic status was defined based on the Townsend deprivation index (encompassing information on social class, employment, car availability, housing) and categorized as low (highest quintile), middle (quintiles 2 to 4), or high (lowest quintile)
  3. bSugar-sweetened beverages was summarized as the proportion of people who report consuming sugar sweetened beverages
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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