Table 1 Data were stratified according to the tertiles of serum total osteocalcin and presented as means ± SD or median (interquartile range) as appropriate

n

67

68

69

Male/Female

47/20

51/17

42/27

Age (years)

55.84 ± 13.00

52.25 ± 14.57

56.61 ± 14.05

BMI (kg/m²)

26.03 (24.65,28.08)

25.97 (23.16,27.04)

25.97 (22.66,26.69)^a

Duration (years)

8.0 (2.00,13.00)

4.5 (1.16,12.00)

6.0 (2.00,12.00)

SBP (mmHg)

133.88 ± 12.59

132.10 ± 12.13

135.70 ± 14.58

DBP (mmHg)

78.97 ± 10.12

78.26 ± 9.67

24.73 ± 26.88

ALT (U/L)

28.85 ± 18.33

20.63 ± 11.12

24.73 ± 26.88

AST (U/L)

24.31 ± 18.64

18.91 ± 9.00

20.33 ± 11.45

UN (mmol/L)

5.88 ± 1.67

5.57 ± 1.11

5.90 ± 2.51

Cr (umol/L)

63.56 ± 19.73

58.45 ± 12.72

63.36 ± 23.92

SUA (umol/L)

340.91 ± 104.92

299.08 ± 76.35^b

319.68 ± 106.15

TC (mmol/L)

4.51 ± 1.44

4.97 ± 1.10

4.73 ± 1.05

TG (mmol/L)

2.30 ± 2.38

1.97 ± 1.66

2.04 ± 1.70

HDL (mmol/L)

1.02 ± 0.27

1.07 ± 0.24

1.03 ± 0.24

LDL (mmol/L)

2.64 ± 0.98

2.67 ± 0.74

2.65 ± 0.84

HbA1C (%)

8.65 ± 2.07

9.12 ± 2.13

8.59 ± 3.16

FBG (mmol/L)

8.21 ± 2.79

9.30 ± 5.16

7.57 ± 3.11^c

PBG0.5h

11.35 ± 3.23

11.83 ± 3.52

10.66 ± 3.96

PBG1h

14.79 ± 3.74

15.30 ± 4.93

13.75 ± 3.42

PBG2h

16.64 ± 4.05

16.71 ± 5.36

15.02 ± 3.82^{a, c}

PBG3h

14.83 ± 4.85

14.67 ± 4.57

13.25 ± 4.47

FINS (mIU/L)

11.8(5.01,18.0)

7.29(2.58,13.3)

7.75(3.27,12.9)

INS0.5h

17.60(9.8,23.6)

12.45(5.50,24.65)

12.2(7.42,19.90)

INS1h

25.90(13.2,37.3)

16.15(9.11,36.30)

17.55(11.0,32.7)

INS2h

29.8(17.6,51.9)

19.8(10.95,46.97)

19.9(9.50,37.27)

INS3h

27.0(15.90,48.2)

18.35(8.88,37.65)

18.1(11.7,35.12)^a

FCP (ng/mL)

1.85(1.20,2.74)

1.47(0.89,2.31)

1.26(0.76,2.29)^a

CP0.5h

2.35(1.71,3.81)

1.89(1.27,3.04)

2.20(1.07,2.89)

CP1h

3.48(2.28,6.07)

2.65(1.65,4.41)

3.46(1.61,4.60)

CP2h

4.53(3.10,8.15)

4.17(2.49,6.27)

4.34(2.06,6.16)

CP3h

4.42(3.12,8.09)

3.73(2.31,5.37)

4.42(2.27,6.35)

GLA0 (pmol/L)

46.44 ± 19.45

46.91 ± 17.30

45.28 ± 17.76

GLA0.5h

43.76 ± 19.09

41.51 ± 15.82

35.38 ± 17.90^a,c

GLA1h

38.32 ± 17.03

35.80 ± 12.93

32.12 ± 12.80^a

GLA2h

35.12 ± 18.14

31.87 ± 13.34

30.41 ± 14.60

GLA3h

30.08 ± 16.03

28.28 ± 12.97

29.10 ± 13.72

HOMA-β

96.25 ± 183.46

73.72 ± 121.41

79.19 ± 106.41

HOMA-IR

4.76 ± 4.15

6.37 ± 13.21

4.00 ± 8.16

AUC_glu3h

42.60 ±c10.56

43.66 ± 13.00

38.11 ± 11.22^a,c

AUC_ins3h

78.48 (44.12,123.72)

52.40 (26.21,105.52)

53.45 (29.05,93.65)^a

AUC_cp3h

11.59 (7.76,19.68)

9.23 (6.13,13.46)

10.46 (5.14,15.17)

AUC_gla3h

113.52 ± 45.21

105.85 ± 31.16

99.08 ± 36.75

Δcp0.5h

0.36 (− 0.01,0.80)

0.24 (0.06,0.62)

0.53 (0.14,1.06)^a,c