Table 4 Multinomial logistic regression model for the association of TyG index quartiles with elevated blood pressure, pre-hypertension, and hypertension by age, sex, BMI, and insulin resistance status

By age

 Elevated BP

  Age < 50 years

No. of cases

111

89

100

106

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

0.87 (0.65–1.17)

1.10 (0.82–1.48)

1.28 (0.94–1.76)

  Age ≥ 50 years

No. of cases

99

158

206

189

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.19 (0.90–1.57)

1.54 (1.17–2.02)

1.66 (1.25–2.21)

 Pre-HTN

  Age < 50 years

No. of cases

360

442

575

748

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.30 (1.11–1.53)

1.88 (1.60–2.20)

2.64 (2.23–3.12)

  Age ≥ 50 years

No. of cases

219

332

525

547

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.08 (0.88–1.33)

1.56 (1.28–1.91)

1.76 (1.43–2.16)

 HTN

  Age < 50 years

No. of cases

56

121

195

436

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

2.00 (1.43–2.78)

3.15 (2.29–4.34)

6.68 (4.88–9.13)

  Age ≥ 50 years

No. of cases

105

218

302

409

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.52 (1.17–1.98)

1.95 (1.51–2.52)

2.84 (2.20–3.68)

By sex

 Elevated BP

  Male

No. of cases

86

113

126

169

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

0.98 (0.72–1.34)

0.98 (0.72–1.33)

1.32 (0.98–1.79)

  Female

No. of cases

124

134

180

126

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.02 (0.78–1.32)

1.52 (1.17–1.97)

1.56 (1.17–2.08)

 Pre-HTN

  Male

No. of cases

227

368

649

912

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.11 (0.91–1.36)

1.60 (1.32–1.94)

2.03 (1.67–2.46)

  Female

No. of cases

352

406

451

383

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.27 (1.08–1.49)

1.75 (1.48–2.06)

2.29 (1.90–2.75)

 HTN

  Male

No. of cases

63

144

267

576

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.47 (1.06–2.03)

2.11 (1.55–2.86)

3.91 (2.90–5.27)

  Female

No. of cases

98

195

230

269

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.88 (1.45–2.45)

2.40 (1.85–3.12)

3.97 (3.04–5.19)

By BMI

 Elevated BP

  BMI < 25.0 kg/m²

No. of cases

168

182

204

153

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

1.43 (1.14–1.79)

1.56 (1.22–2.00)

  BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m²

No. of cases

41

65

101

141

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.09 (0.71–1.67)

1.14 (0.76–1.70)

1.51 (1.02–2.23)

 Pre-HTN

  BMI < 25.0 kg/m²

No. of cases

463

554

676

571

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.23 (1.07–1.41)

1.86 (1.62–2.15)

2.19 (1.88–2.56)

  BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m²

No. of cases

115

217

423

722

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.27 (0.96–1.67)

1.67 (1.30–2.16)

2.45 (1.91–3.14)

 HTN

  BMI < 25.0 kg/m²

No. of cases

130

213

271

349

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.50 (1.18–1.90)

2.25 (1.78–2.83)

3.94 (3.12–4.97)

  BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m²

No. of cases

30

124

225

496

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

2.75 (1.79–4.24)

3.27 (2.16–4.95)

6.26 (4.18–9.36)

By insulin resistance status^a

 Elevated BP

  HOMA-IR < 2.5

No. of cases

59

58

64

39

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

0.92 (0.61–1.37)

1.18 (0.78–1.78)

1.03 (0.64–1.66)

  HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5

No. of cases

7

6

12

39

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

0.34 (0.09–1.26)

0.41 (0.13–1.32)

0.83 (0.29–2.40)

 Pre-HTN

  HOMA-IR < 2.5

No. of cases

138

189

222

153

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.47 (1.14–1.90)

2.00 (1.53–2.61)

1.86 (1.37–2.52)

  HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5

No. of cases

9

39

68

167

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.91 (0.80–4.54)

1.71 (0.74–3.96)

2.53 (1.12–5.74)

 HTN

  HOMA-IR < 2.5

No. of cases

43

71

85

105

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.49 (0.98–2.27)

1.92 (1.26–2.91)

3.16 (2.06–4.86)

  HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5

No. of cases

6

18

35

84

OR (95% CI)

1.00 (ref.)

1.15 (0.39–3.40)

0.98 (0.35–2.78)

1.36 (0.50–3.73)