Table 3 Neonatal outcomes based on the type of long-acting insulin analogue used, compared to intermediate acting insulin (neutral protamine Hagedron, NPH)

Preterm

RR 0.91 (0.73, 1.14); (N = 4; I² = 0.0%)

RR 0.84 (0.62, 1.14); (N = 3; I² = 0.0%)

Large for gestational age

RR 1.00 (0.88, 1.13); (N = 6; I² = 0.0%)

RR 0.97 (0.68, 1.38); (N = 4; I² = 32.5%)

Shoulder dystocia

RR 0.57 (0.25, 1.26); (N = 3; I² = 31.0%)

RR 0.98 (0.33, 2.95); (N = 1)

Small for gestational age

RR 1.08 (0.49, 2.42); (N = 2; I² = 0.0%)

RR 0.92 (0.41, 2.08); (N = 2; I² = 20.1%)

Perinatal mortality

RR 0.61 (0.23, 1.59); (N = 3; I² = 0.0%)

RR 2.04 (0.19, 22.1); (N = 1)

Spontaneous abortion

RR 1.25 (0.84, 1.86); (N = 1)

RR 1.27 (0.52, 3.12); (N = 1)

Congenital malformation

RR 0.82 (0.53, 1.28); (N = 6; I² = 0.0%)

RR 1.01 (0.45, 2.30); (N = 2; I² = 0.0%)

Admission to NICU

RR 0.98 (0.92, 1.04); (N = 6; I² = 12.9%)

RR 0.90 (0.70, 1.15); (N = 3; I² = 0.0%)

Respiratory distress

RR 0.95 (0.68, 1.34); (N = 7; I² = 17.1%)

RR 0.72 (0.44, 1.17); (N = 2; I² = 0.0%)

Hypoglycaemia

RR 1.08 (0.89, 1.32); (N = 8; I² = 0.0%)

RR 0.84 (0.61, 1.17); (N = 4; I² = 5.7%)

5-min APGAR (< 7)

RR 0.89 (0.44, 1.78); (N = 5; I² = 0.0%)

RR 1.25 (0.46, 3.43); (N = 2; I² = 0.0%)

Hyperbilirubinemia

RR 1.05 (0.76, 1.45); (N = 6; I² = 39.5%)

RR 0.97 (0.75, 1.25); (N = 3; I² = 0.0%)

Neonatal sepsis

RR 1.39 (0.90, 2.14); (N = 2; I² = 0.0%)

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Gestational age (weeks)

WMD −0.18 (−0.54, 0.18); (N = 8; I² = 89.1%)

WMD 0.14 (−0.01, 0.29); (N = 5; I² = 29.4%)

Birth weight (grams)

WMD 8.54 (−16.9, 33.9); (N = 8; I² = 10.5%)

WMD 51.9 (−81.6, 185.6); (N = 5; I² = 66.6%)