Table 2 Demographic, clinical, laboratorial and endothelial data stratified by the presence of diabetic retinopathy
Variables | Retinopathy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absent n (%) | Present n (%) | p value | |||
N | 104 (55.6) | 83 (44.4) | |||
Demographic data/clinical data | |||||
Gender, female, n (%) | 51 (49.0) | 45 (54.2) | 0.5 | ||
Age (years) | 27.4 ± 13.3 | 38.1 ± 12.2 | < 0.001 | ||
Age at diagnosis (years) | 13.5 [11] | 17 [15] | 0.04 | ||
Diabetes duration (years) | 10 [14] | 21 [13] | < 0.001 | ||
Economic status, n (%) | 0.7 | ||||
Medium | 16 (15.7) | 9 (11.4) | |||
Low | 73 (71.6) | 59 (74.7) | |||
Very low | 13 (12.7) | 11 (13.9) | |||
Self-reported color-race, White, n (%) | 50 (48.1) | 44 (53.0) | 0.3 | ||
Age at menarche (years) | 12.4 ± 1.5 | 12.1 ± 1.7 | 0.3 | ||
Smoking, yes, n (%) | 3 (2.9) | 12 (14.5) | 0.004 | ||
Exercisea, n (%) | 55 (52.9) | 27 (32.5) | 0.004 | ||
Daily insulin dose (U/Kg/day) | 0.69 ± 0.29 | 0.72 ± 0.3 | 0.3 | ||
Abdominal circumference, (cm) | 74.8 ± 10.5 | 84.1 ± 11.8 | 0.01 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.8 | 24 .6 ± 4.7 | 0.07 | ||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.9 ± 13.9 | 130.6 ± 16.9 | < 0.001 | ||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.4 ± 9.1 | 76.5 ± 10.5 | 0.03 | ||
Mean blood pressure (mmHg) | 89.0 ± 9.9 | 94.6 ± 11.3 | 0.001 | ||
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 46.8 ± 10.2 | 54.3 ± 13.6 | < 0.001 | ||
Cardiac frequency (bpm) | 77.2 ± 12.7 | 79.1 ± 12.3 | 0.3 | ||
Laboratorial data | |||||
HbA1c (%/mmol/mol) | 9.1 ± 2.1/76 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 2.2/78 ± 1.0 | 0.3 | ||
HbA1c ≤ 7.0%, N (%) | 20 (10.7%) | 7 (3.8%) | 0.21 | ||
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 0.12 | ||
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.75 [0.30] | 0.79[0.34] | 0.14 | ||
eGFR ((mL/min/1.73 m2) | 117.0 ± 25.5 | 101.8 ± 26.9 | < 0.001 | ||
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 174.5 ± 47.3 | 177.6 ± 35.8 | 0.6 | ||
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 71.5 [51] | 78.0 [63] | 0.8 | ||
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 62.1 ± 20.7 | 61.1 ± 16.6 | 0.7 | ||
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 91.1 ± 28.5 | 96.1 ± 27.8 | 0.2 | ||
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.21 [0.4] | 0.22 [0.46] | 0.7 | ||
Endothelial data | |||||
Use of drugs that interfere with the endothelium, n (%) | 24 (12.8) | 57 (30.4) | < 0.001 | ||
-Statins, n (%) | 30 (21.4) | 25 (53.2) | |||
-ACEi, n (%) | 23 (16.4) | 26 (55.3) | |||
-ARB, n (%) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (10.6) | |||
sVCAM-1 (ng/mL) | 41 152.2 | 462.0 ± 167.8 | 0.08 | ||
sICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 6.8 [11.5] | 9.2 [14.6] | 0.2 | ||
RHI | 1.8 ± 0.66 | 1.92 ± 0.65 | 0.4 | ||
RHI, high CV risk; yes, n (%) | 52 (50%) | 36 (43.4) | 0.5 | ||