First author name | Year | Study design | Study setting | Study population | Sample size | Measurement of glycemic control | Definition of glycaemic control | Generic factor | Specific factors | Measure of association | Point estimate | Lower bound | Upper bound | Association with glycemic control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thuita [80] | 2019 | Cross- sectional | Kenya | Type 2 diabetes; 20–79 years | 153 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c > 7%) | Past history of diabetes | Existence of family history of diabetes | β coefficient | 0.119 | 0.066 | 0.874 | A family history of diabetes was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.017) |
Adeniyi [18] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 30 years at diagnostic of DM | 327 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c ≤ 7%); poor control (HbA1c > 7%); moderately poor (HbA1c = 7–8.9%); critically poor (HbA1c ≥ 9%) | Duration of diabetes | Longer duration | Odds Ratio | 35.8 | 4.4 | 294.2 | Longer duration of type 2 diabetes was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |
BeLue [27] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Senegal | Type 2 diabetes | 106 | HbA1c | Glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%) | ß coefficient | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.19 | Longer duration of diabetes was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p < 0.05) | ||
Botchway [31] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Ghana | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 254 | HbA1c | No threshold | ß coefficient | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | The duration of diabetes was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Mashele [56] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes; 35–74 years | 176 | HbA1c | Optimal control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Odds Ratio | 1.011 | 1.37 | 2.624 | Duration of diabetes was not significantly associated with glycaemic control (p:0.497) | ||
Mobula [58] | 2018 | Cross- sectional | Ghana | hypertensive and Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 1226 | HbA1c | Poor control (HBA1c ≥ 7%) | Odds Ratio | 1.04 | 1.02 | 1.06 | Duration of diabetes was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.0005) | ||
Mphwanthe [61] | 2020 | Cross- sectional | Malawi | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 25 years | 428 | HbA1c | HbA1c clinically elevated ≥ 8% | ß coefficient | 0.091 | 0.061 | 0.121 | Duration of diabetes (p: .003) was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p: .003) | ||
Omar [67] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Sudan | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 339 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Odds Ratio | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.10 | Duration of diabetes, years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Mwita [65] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Botswana | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 500 | HbA1c | Optimal glycaemic (HbA1c < 7%) | Odds Ratio | 0.98 | 0.92 | 1.03 | Diabetes duration,years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Belay [26] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–80 years | 188 | FPG | Good:FPG < 130 mg/dL; poor: FPG ≥ 130 mg/dL | Duration 5–10 years | Odds Ratio | 2.6 | 1.12 | 6.01 | Duration of diabetes 5–10 yrs was found significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Duration ˃10 years | 3.4 | 1.3 | 9.0 | Duration of diabetes > 10 yrs was found significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Camara [32] | 2014 | Cross- sectional | Cameroon and Guinea | Type 2 diabetes mellitus; ≥ 16 years | 1267 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1C < 7.0% or < 53 mmol/mol) | Duration ≥ 3 years | Odds Ratio | 2.36 | 1.74 | 3.20 | Duration of diabetes of more or equal to 3 yrs was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross- sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Duration ≥ 7 years | Odds Ratio | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.6 | Duration of diabetes of more or equal to 7 yrs was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Fseha [40] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 22–60 years | 200 | FBS | Good (FBS 70–130 mg/dl), Poor (FBS > 130 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 0.460 | 0.216 | 1.987 | Duration of diabetes of more or equal to 7 yrs was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Kefale [49] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 169 | FBS | Glycemic control (FBS ≤ 130 mg/dl) | Duration ≥ 5 years | Odds Ratio | 1.9 | 0.7 | 5.5 | Diabetes duration of more or equal to 5 years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Kimando [51] | 2017 | Cross- sectional | Kenya | Type 2 diabetes without overt complications; ≥ 30 years | 385 | HbA1c | Sub-optimal control (HbA1c > 7.0%) | Duration ˃ 5 years | Odds Ratio | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.6 | Duration of diabetes of more than 5 years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Mamo [53] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control (cases) and without good glycemic control (controls); > 18 years | 410 | FBG | Good control (average fasting blood glucose of 80–130 mg/dL); poor control (average fasting blood glucose of > 130 mg/dL) | Duration ˃ 7 years | Odds Ratio | 3.08 | 1.33 | 7.16 | Duration of diabetes of more than 7 years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Mwavua [64] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Kenya | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 200 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Duration ≤ 10 years | Odds Ratio | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | Diabetes duration less or equal to 10 years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Noor [66] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Sudan | Type 2 diabetes | 387 | HbA1c | Controlled < 7% Uncontrolled > 7% | Duration ≥ 5 years | Odds Ratio | 0.505 | 0.223 | 1.145 | Diabetes duration of 5 years or more was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Otieno [69] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Kenya | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 30 years | 220 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c ≤ 7%); poor/suboptimal (HbA1c > 7%) | Duration 5–10 years | Odds Ratio | 2.5 | 0.4 | 14.4 | In patients with comorbid depression, duration of diabetes 5–10 years was not significantly associated with glycemic control | |
Duration ˃ 10 years | 1.3 | 0.3 | 5.3 | In patients with comorbid depression, duration of diabetes > 10 years was not significantly associated with glycemic control | ||||||||||
Duration 5–10 years | 1.0 | 0.4 | 2.1 | In patients without depression, duration of diabetes 5–10 years was not significantly associated with glycemic control | ||||||||||
Duration ˃ 10 years | 1.9 | 0.8 | 4.6 | In patients without depression, duration of diabetes > 10 years was not significantly associated with glycemic control | ||||||||||
Rwegerera [73] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Botswana | Type 2 diabetes | 368 | HbA1c | desirable (< 7%); suboptimal (7–9%); poor (≥ 9%) | 5–10 years | Odds Ratio | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.86 | Having a duration of diabetes of 5–10 yrs was associated with poor glycaemic control | |
˃10 years | 0.42 | 0.15 | 1.15 | Having a duration of diabetes of more than 10 yrs was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Tefera [77] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 400 | FPG | Controlled (FPG:80–130 mg/dl) | Duration 5–10 years | Odds Ratio | 1.95 | 0.87 | 4.40 | Duration of diabetes 5–10 years was found not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Duration ˃ 10 years | 2.86 | 0.99 | 8.23 | Duration of diabetes > 10 years was found not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Tekalegn [78] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 15 years | 422 | FBG | Good control (average FBG:70–130 mg/dL); poor control (average FBG > 130 or < 70 mg/dL) | Duration 5–10 years | Odds Ratio | 2.72 | 1.16 | 6.32 | Duration of diabetes from 5 to 10 years was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Duration ˃ 10 years | 1.7 | 0.8 | 3.7 | Duration of diabetes > 10 years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Abera [88] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 325 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Duration > 10 years | Odds Ratio | 3.15 | 2.22 | 6.54 | Significant association between diabetes duration of more than 10 years and poor glycaemic control | |
Abebe [89] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; > 18 years | 138 | FBG | Controlled (FPG:80–130 mg/dl) |  ≥ 10 years | Odds Ratio | 2.6 | 0.85 | 8.23 | No significant relationship between duration of 10 years and more, and glycaemic control | |
5–10 years | 0.5 | 0.17 | 1.53 | No significant relationship between duration of 5–10 years and glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Fekadu [39] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–86 years | 228 | FBG | Good control (FBG: 70–130 mg/dL); poor control (< 70 mg/dL and > 130 mg/dL) | Duration of treatment | Treatment ˃ 10 years | Odds Ratio | 3.94 | 1.51 | 27.83 | Longer duration of diabetes treatment  > 10 years was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.012) |
Treatment 5–10 years | 1.19 | 1.06 | 26.24 | Duration of treatment of 5–10 years was not associated with glycaemic control (p:0.642) | ||||||||||
Rwegerera [73] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Botswana | Type 2 diabetes | 368 | HbA1c | desirable (< 7%); suboptimal (7–9%); poor (≥ 9%) | Treatment ˂ 3 years | Odds Ratio | 1.54 | 0.68 | 3.45 | Being on treatment at block 6 Clinic few than 3 yrs was not associated with glycaemic control | |
Shimels [75] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 361 | FPG | Good control (FPG: 100–130 mg/dl) | Treatment ≥ 11 years | Odds Ratio | 0.83 | 0.37 | 1.83 | Treatment duration ≥ 11 yrs was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Treatment 6–10 years | 0.82 | 0.43 | 1.56 | Treatment duration 6–10 yrs was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Yigazu [85] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–80 years | 174 | FBG | Controlled (average FBG: 80–130 mg/dL); Uncontrolled (average FBG > 130 or < 70 mg/dL) | Treatment ˂5 years | Odds Ratio | 2.03 | 0.85 | 4.84 | Duration of treatment < 5 years was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Mphwanthe [61] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Malawi | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 25 years | 428 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 8%) | Self-report of glycaemic control | Fluctuating/unstable blood glucose levels | ß coefficient | 1.760 | 1.479 | 2.041 | Always having fluctuating/unstable blood glucose levels (p: < .001) was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p: < .001) |
Mphwanthe [61] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Malawi | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 25 years | 428 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 8%) | No improvement of blood glucose levels from diagnosis | ß coefficient | 0.968 | 0.621 | 1.307 | Having blood glucose levels not improved from diagnosis was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.004) | |
Mamo [53] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control (cases) and without good glycemic control (controls); > 18 years | 410 | FBG | Good control (average fasting blood glucose of 80–130 mg/dL); poor control (average fasting blood glucose of > 130 mg/dL) | Presence of comorbidities | Presence of comorbidities | Odds Ratio | 2.56 | 1.10 | 5.96 | The presence of comorbidity was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |
Shimels [75] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 361 | FPG | Glycemic control (FPG: 100–130 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.27 | The presence of comorbidity was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||
Tefera [77] | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 400 | FPG | Controlled (FPG:80–130 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.73 | The presence of morbidity was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||
Yosef [87] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 245 | FBG | Good control (FBG:70–130 mg/dL) | Odds Ratio | 1.61 | 0.8 | 3.22 | The presence of comorbidity was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||
Botchway [31] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Ghana | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 254 | HbA1c | No threshold | Number of comorbidities | Number of comorbidities | ß coefficient | 0.15 | − 0.13 | 0.43 | The number of type 2 diabetes comorbidities was not significantly associated with glycaemic control |
Otieno [69] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Kenya | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 30 years | 220 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c ≤ 7%); poor/suboptimal (HbA1c > 7%) | Having 1 comorbidity in comorbid depression | Odds Ratio | 1.6 | 0.2 | 15.1 | In patients with depression, having 1 comorbidity was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Having 2 or more in comorbid depression | 1.4 | 0.4 | 5.7 | In patients with depression, having 2 or more comorbidities was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Having 1 comorbidity in patients without depression | 1.1 | 0.3 | 4.1 | In patients without depression, having 1 comorbidity was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Having 2 or more in patients without depression | 5.2 | 0.6 | 43.1 | In patients wihtout depression, having 2 or more comorbidities was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Achila [17] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Eritrea | Type 2 diabetes; 20–88 years | 309 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Hypertension | Absence of hypertension | Odds Ratio | 1.94 | 1.06 | 3.56 | The absence of hypertension was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |
BeLue [27] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Senegal | Type 2 diabetes | 106 | HbA1c | Glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%) | ß coefficient | 0.76 | − 0.18 | 1.7 | The absence of hypertension was not significantly with glycaemic control | ||
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross- sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Presence of hypertension | Odds Ratio | 2.2 | 1.1 | 4.4 | The presence of hypertension was associated significantly with poor glycaemic control | |
Mobula [58] | 2018 | Cross- sectional | Ghana | hypertensive and Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 1226 | HbA1c | Poor control (HBA1c ≥ 7%) | Odds Ratio | 0.69 | 0.50 | 0.95 | Dual diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension was significantly associated with good glycaemic control | ||
Demoz [34] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG | Adequate control ( average fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL or HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (average fasting blood glucose > 130 or < 70 mg/dL or HbA1c > 7%) | Uncontrolled blood pressure | Odds Ratio | 4.51 | 0.89 | 1.94 | Uncontrolled BP was not found significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Rwegerera [73] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 368 | HbA1c | Desirable (< 7%); suboptimal (7–9%); poor (≥ 9%) |  | Odds Ratio | 1.04 | 0.67 | 1.59 | Uncontrolled BP was not found significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Anioke [22] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 30 years | 140 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | High systolic blood pressure | Odds Ratio | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.05 | High systolic blood pressure was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Mwita [65] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Botswana | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 500 | HbA1c | Optimal glycaemic (HbA1c < 7%) | Optimal hypertension | Odds Ratio | 1.61 | 0.63 | 4.13 | Optimal hypertension control was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Adeniyi [18] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 30 years at diagnostic of diabetes | 327 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c ≤ 7%); poor control (HbA1c > 7%); moderately poor (HbA1c = 7–8.9%); critically poor (HbA1c ≥ 9%) | Dyslipidemia | Elevated LDL | Odds Ratio | 10.3 | 4.4 | 23.8 | Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |
Demoz [34] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG | Adequate control ( average fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL or HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (average fasting blood glucose > 130 or < 70 mg/dL or HbA1c > 7%) | Poor lipid control | Odds Ratio | 2.13 | 0.57 | 1.34 | Poor lipid control was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross- sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Presence of dyslipidemia | Odds Ratio | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2.8 | Presence of dyslipidemia was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Mamo [53] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control (cases) and without good glycemic control (controls); > 18 years | 410 | FBG | Good control (average fasting blood glucose of 80–130 mg/dL); poor control (average fasting blood glucose of > 130 mg/dL) | High Total Cholesterol | Odds Ratio | 3.62 | 1.46 | 8.97 | Total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dl was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Mwita [65] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Botswana | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 500 | HbA1c | Optimal glycaemic (HbA1c < 7%) | Optimal LDL-C control | Odds Ratio | 2.20 | 0.64 | 7.57 | Optimal LDL-C-control was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Noor [66] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Sudan | Type 2 diabetes | 387 | HbA1c | Controlled < 7% Uncontrolled > 7% | Elevated Triglycerides | Odds Ratio | 0.879 | 0.353 | 2.188 | TG level > 150 was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Woldu [83] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 102 | FBG | Poor control (FBG level of > 126 mg/dl) | Hyperlipidemia | Odds Ratio | 5 | 1.145 | 20.462 | Hyperlipidemia was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Abebe [89] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type diabetes, > 18 years | 138 | FBG | Good control (mean FBG:80–130 mg/dl); poor control (FBG < 80 mg/dl or > 130 mg/dl) | Body mass index | Obesity | Odds Ratio | 4.1 | 1.2 | 14.11 | Significant association between being obesity and poor glycaemic control |
Overweight | Odds Ratio | 1.7 | 0.49 | 6.32 | No significant association between being overweight and poor glycaemic control | |||||||||
Adeniyi [18] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 30 years at diagnostic of diabetes | 327 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c ≤ 7%); poor control (HbA1c > 7%); moderately poor (HbA1c = 7–8.9%); critically poor (HbA1c ≥ 9%) | Overweight/obesity | Odds Ratio | 22.3 | 1.9 | 261.2 | Overweight/obesity was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
BeLue [27] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Senegal | Type 2 diabetes | 106 | HbA1c | Glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%) | BMI | ß coefficient | − 0.10 | − 0.17 | − 0.03 | BMI was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Demoz [34] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG | Adequate control ( average fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL or HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (average fasting blood glucose > 130 or < 70 mg/dL or HbA1c > 7%) | Obesity | Odds Ratio | 1.68 | 1.01 | 2.55 | Obesity was singificantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Overweight | 3.51 | 1.82 | 4.01 | Being overweight was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Eticha [35] | 2016 | Cross- sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Normal BMI | Odds Ratio | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.8 | Having a normal BMI was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Overweight | 0.8 | 0.1 | 4.6 | Being overweight was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Kamuhabwa [47] | 2014 | Cross- sectional | Tanzania | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 469 | FBG | Good control (FBG ≤ 130 mg/dL or 7.2 mmol/L); poor control (FBG > 130 mg/dL or 7.2 mmol/L) | Obesity | Odds Ratio | 2.347 | 1.274 | 4.324 | Being obese was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Normal BMI | 2.234 | 1.278 | 3.904 | Having a normal BMI was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Mphwanthe [61] | 2020 | Cross- sectional | Malawi | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 25 years | 428 | HbA1c | HbA1c clinically elevated ≥ 8% | Underweight | ß coefficient | 2.330 | 1.645 | 3.015 | Underweight status was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p: .001) | |
Overweight/obesity | − 0.143 | − 0.419 | 0.133 | Overweight/obese status was not significantly associated with glycaemic control (p: .605) | ||||||||||
Otieno [69] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Kenya | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 30 years | 220 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c ≤ 7%); poor/suboptimal (HbA1c > 7%) | Overweight/obesity in patients with depression | Odds Ratio | 1.7 | 0.4 | 6.5 | In patients with depression, being overweight/obese (AOR:1.7 (0.4–6.5)) was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Overweight/obesity in patients without depression | 2.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | In patients without depression, being overweight/obese was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Rwegerera [73] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Botswana | Type 2 diabetes | 368 | HbA1c | Desirable (< 7%); suboptimal (7–9%); poor (≥ 9%) | Overweight/ Obese | Odds Ratio | 1.38 | 0.53 | 3.59 | Being overweight/obese was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Yosef [87] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 245 | FBG | Good control (FBG:70–130 mg/dL) | Overweight | Odds Ratio | 2.6 | 1.32 | 5.1 | Being overweight was not significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Obese | Odds Ratio | 3.44 | 1.44 | 8.21 | Being obese was not significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |||||||||
Achila [17] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Eritrea | Type 2 diabetes; 20–88 years | 309 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | WHR/WC | Abnormal WHR | Odds Ratio | 3.01 | 1.15 | 7.92 | Abnormal WHR was associated significantly with poor glycaemic control |
Anioke [22] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 30 years | 140 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Low WHR | Odds Ratio | 2.65 | 0.42 | 16.88 | Low WHR was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Medium WHR | Â | 1.82 | 0.47 | 6.98 | Medium WHR was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |||||||||
BeLue [27] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Senegal | Type 2 diabetes | 106 | HbA1c | Glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%) | Waist circumference | ß coefficient | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | Waist circumference was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Blum [30] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | D R Congo | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 319 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 9%) | Abdominal obesity | Odds Ratio | 0.61 | 0.33 | 1.12 | Abdominal obesity was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Mamo [53] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control (cases) and without good glycemic control (controls); > 18 years | 410 | FBG | Good control (average fasting blood glucose of 80–130 mg/dL); poor control (average fasting blood glucose of > 130 mg/dL) | High WHR | Odds Ratio | 3.52 | 1.23 | 10.11 | Waist to hip ratio of 0.9 or greater for male and 0.85 or greater for female was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Mashele [56] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes; 35–74 years | 176 | HbA1c | Optimal control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Increased WC | Odds Ratio | 1.089 | 1.030 | 1.151 | Increased waist circumference was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Adejumo [17] | 2012 | cross-sectional | Nigeria | type 2 diabetes with normal renal function; ≥ 18 years | 72 | HbA1c | good control (HbA1c ≤ 7.5%); poor control (HbA1c > 7.5%) | Other comorbidities | Incidence of anaemia | Odds Ration | 10.8 | 1.28 | 91.20 | Incidence of aneamia was significantly associated with poor glycemic Control (p < 0.05) |
Afolabi [19] | 2018 | cross-sectional | Nigeria | type 2 diabetes; 40–80 years | 80 | HbA1c | Good control (< 7%); poor control (≥ 7%) | Presence of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | Odds Ratio | 3.473 | 1.017 | 11.864 | Non alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease was sgnificantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.047) | |
Akabwai [20] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Uganda | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 280 | HbA1c | Good control (< 7%); poor control (≥ 7%) | Presence of vitamin B12 deficiency | Odds Ratio | 3.29 | 1.44 | 7.51 | Presence of vitamin B12 deficiency was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p: 0.005)) | |
Akpalu [21] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Ghana | Type 2 diabetes; 30–65 years | 400 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%) | Presence of depression | Odds Ratio | 1.04 | 0.85 | 2.29 | Presence of depression was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Biadgo [28] | 2018 | Cross- sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 159 | FBS | Adequate control (FBS ≤ 130 mg/dl); poor control (FBS > 130 mg/dl) | Metabolic syndrome | Odds Ratio | 2.53 | 1.01 | 6.32 | Metabolic syndrome (IDF criteria) was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Dagnew [33] | 2017 | Comparative Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes and healthy relatives; ≥ 30 years | 210 | FBG | FBG < 126 mg/dl versus FBG ≥ 126 mg/dl | Presence of cognitive impairment | Odds Ratio | 4.43 | 1.14 | 17.18 | Poor glycaemic control was significantly associated with the presence of cognitive impairment | |
Kalain [46] | 2015 | Cross- sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 200 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%) | Presence of Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF) | Odds Ratio | 3.172564 |  |  | Presence of CCF was associated with glycaemic control (p:0.035); 95% CI not provided | |
Khoza [50] | 2018 | Case control | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes; > 30 years | 320 | HbA1c and glucose | No threshold | HIV infection | β coefficient | 0.040 |  |  | HIV-positive was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.01); 95% CI not provided | |
Odds Ratio | 4.29 | 1 | 18.32 | HIV-negative status was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Sarfo-Kantanka [74] | 2017 | Case–control | Ghana | Type 2 diabetes; 40–80 years | 302 | FBG and HbA1c | No threshold | Thyroid autoimmunity | Odds Ratio | 1.46 | 1.23 | 1.73 | Poor glycaemic control (p < 0.0001) was significantly associated with thyroid autoimmunity (p < 0.0001) | |
Woldu [83] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 102 | FBG | Poor control (FBG level of > 126 mg/dl) | Presence of dyspesia | Odds Ratio | 4 | 0.026 | 6.000 | Presence of dyspepsia was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Demoz [34] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG | Adequate control ( average fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL or HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (average fasting blood glucose > 130 or < 70 mg/dL or HbA1c > 7%) | Complications | Presence of complications | Odds Ratio | 2.0 | 0.69 | 1.06 | Presence of complications was not associated with glycaemic control |
Rwegerera [73] | 2019 | Cross-setctional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 368 | HbA1c | desirable (< 7%); suboptimal (7–9%); poor (≥ 9%) | Odds Ratio | 0.76 | 0.44 | 1.3 | Absence of complication was not associated with glycaemic control | ||
Tefera [77] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 400 | FPG | Controlled (FPG:80–130 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 0.77 | 0.26 | 2.34 | Presence of complications was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Presence of renal disease | Odds Ratio | 0.9 | 0.4 | 2.2 | Presence of renal disease was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Presence of DKA | Odds Ratio | 2.6 | 0.9 | 7.1 | Presence of DKA was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Woldu [83] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 102 | FBG | Poor control (FBG level of > 126 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 0.6 | 0.015 | 22.402 | Presence of DKA was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Presence of peripheral neuropathy | Odds Ratio | 1.1 | 0.5 | 2.2 | Presence of peripheral neuropathy was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Woldu [83] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 102 | FBG | Poor control (FBG level of > 126 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 579 | 116.8 | 2870 | Presence of peripheral neuropathy was significanty associated with poor glycaemic control | ||
Mohamed [59] | 2013 | Case–control | Sudan | Type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic controls | 457 | HbA1c | Well-controlled (HbA1c < 8%); poorly controlled (HbA1c > 8%) | High levels of mobility index | Odds Ratio | 2.60 | 1.21 | 5.55 | Poor glycaemic control was significantly associated with high levels of mobility index | |
Gebremedhin [42] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 267 | FBG | No threshold | Examination findings | Health related quality of life | ß coefficient | − 0.08 | − 0.12 | − 0.04 | Overall health related quality of life was inversely associated and FBG (p < 0.001) |
Oyewole [70] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 21 years | 162 | HbA1c and FBG | No threshold | Global disability burden | ß coefficient | 0.061 | 0.057 | 0.067 | Disability burden was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p: 0.0001) | |
Ramkisson [72] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 401 | HbA1c | No threshold | Diabetes related distress | Odds Ratio | 1.04 | 1.00 | 1.09 | Diabetes related distress was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Achila [17] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Eritrea | Type 2 diabetes; 20–88 years | 309 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Laboratory findings | estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) | Odds Ratio | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1 | A unit reduction in eGFR was also associated with HbA1c ≥ 7% (p:0:031)) |
Mwita [65] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Botswana | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 500 | HbA1c | Optimal glycaemic (HbA1c < 7%) | Odds Ratio | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.02 | No significant association between eGFR and glycaemic control (p: 0.412) | ||
Inih [45] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Type 2 diabetes; men | 164 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c > 7%) | Hypogonadism | Odds Ratio | 3.85 | 0.13 | 0.55 | Poor glycaemic control was significantly associated with hypogonadism (p < 0.001) | |
Low sperm count | 0.118 | − 5.85 | 5.61 | No significant association between low sperm count with HbA1c (p:0.97) |