First author name | Year | Study design | Study setting | Study population | Sample size | Measurement of glycemic control | Definition of glycaemic control | Generic factor | Specific factors | Measure of association | Point estimate | Lower bound | Upper bound | Association with glycemic control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abera [88] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 325 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Dietary adherence | Poor dietary adherence | Odds Ratio | 1.97 | 1.28 | 3.52 | Poor dietary adherence was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |
Achila [17] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Eritrea | Type 2 diabetes; 20–88 years | 309 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Good dietary adherence | Odds Ratio | 2.4 | 0.84 | 6.86 | Following diet as prescribed is not significabtly associated with glycaemic control | |
Biru [29] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 322 | FBG | Good control (FBG ≤ 110 mg/dL) | Odds Ratio | 3.27 | 1.23 | 8.67 | Good dietary adherence was found significantly associated with good glycaemic control | ||
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Odds Ratio | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | Following recommended diet was significabtly associated with good glycaemic control | ||
Fseha [40] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 22–60 years | 200 | FBS | Good (FBS 70–130 mg/dl), Poor (FBS > 130 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 2.529 | 1.267 | 5.046 | Taking meal appropriately was significantly associated with good glycaemic control | ||
Mohammed [60] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 307 | FBG | Good control (average of last three FBG results between 70Â mg/dL and 130Â mg/dL) | Odds Ratio | 3.56 | 1.75 | 8.23 | Dietary adherence was found significantly associated with good glycemic control | ||
Shimels [75] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 361 | FPG | glycemic control (FPG: 100–130 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 1.63 | 0.96 | 2.75 | Good dietary adherence was found not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Demoz [34] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG | Adequate control (average fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL or HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (average fasting blood glucose > 130 or < 70 mg/dL or HbA1c > 7%) | Poor dietary adherence | Odds Ratio | 3.44 | 0.71 | 1.55 | Poor adherence to dietary plan was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Doglikuu [35] | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Ghana | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 530 | HbA1C | Low, moderate, and high | Low adherence to diabetics’ feeding recommendation | Odds Ratio | 2.56 | 1.44 | 4.56 | Low adherence to diabetics’ feeding recommendation was associated significantly with poor glycaemic control | |
Low adherence to fruit and vegetables | 2.71 | 1.48 | 4.99 | Low adherence to fruit and vegetables was associated significantly with poor glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Low adherence to whole grain, beans, starchyfruits and plantain | 3.29 | 1.81 | 6.02 | Low adherence to whole grain, beans, starchyfruits and plantain was associated significantly with poor glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Low adherence to foods prepared with walnut, canola, sunflower, cotton seed and fish oils | 2.62 | 1.49 | 4.58 | Low adherence to foods prepared with walnut, canola, sunflower, cotton seed and fish oils was associated significantly with poor glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Fekadu [39] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–86 years | 228 | FBG | Good control (FBG: 70–130 mg/dL); poor control (< 70 mg/dL and > 130 mg/dL) | Inadequate dietary adherence | Odds Ratio | 1.82 | 0.31 | 2.15 | Following an healthful eating plan for 0–3 days is not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Kefale [49] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 169 | FBS | Glycemic control (FBS ≤ 130 mg/dl) | No adherence to diet | Odds Ratio | 0.8 | 1.267 | 5.046 | No adherence to diet was found not significantly associated with glycaemic control | |
Mphwanthe [62] | 2020 | Cross- sectional | Malawi | Type 2 diabetes | 428 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 8%) | Number of meals | Odds Ratio | 2.680 | 1.145 | 4.970 | Number of meals was significantly associated with good glycaemic control | |
Carbohydrates (CHO) percentage per day | 1.167 | 1.107 | 1.231 | CHO % of energy/day was found significantly associated with good glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Preventive diet score | 1.015 | 0.730 | 1.412 | Preventive diet score was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Fat pourcentage of energy per day | 1.063 | 0.968 | 1.168 | Fat % of energy/day was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) (g/day) | 1.113 | 0.828 | 1.496 | PUFA (g/day) was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Amount of fruit and vegetables (g/day) | 0.432 | 0.165 | 1.132 | Amount of fruit and vegetables (g/day) was not associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Followed diet recommendation | 0.996 | 0.532 | 1.865 | Followed diet recommendation was found not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||||||||||
Omar [67] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Sudan | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 339 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Adding sugar to food | Odds Ratio | 1.73 | 1.07 | 2.80 | Adding sugar to food was found significantly associated with poor glycemic control | |
Abera [88] | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 325 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | diet adherence of 0–3 days per week | Odds Ratio | 1.97 | 1.28 | 3.52 | Diet adherence of 0–3 days per week is associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Adeniyi [18] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | South Africa | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 30 years at diagnostic of diabetes | 327 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c ≤ 7%); poor control (HbA1c > 7%); moderately poor (HbA1c = 7–8.9%); critically poor (HbA1c ≥ 9%) | Physical activity | Sedentary habits | Odds Ratio | 21 | 7.2 | 61.3 | Sedentary habits was found significantly associated with poor glycaemic control |
Biru [29] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 322 | FBG | Good control (FBG ≤ 110 mg/dL) | Practice of exercise | Odds Ratio | 3.37 | 1.39 | 8.20 | Adherence to exercice was associated with good glycaemic control | |
Demoz [34] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG | Adequate control ( average fasting blood glucose 70–130 mg/dL or HbA1c < 7%); Poor control (average fasting blood glucose > 130 or < 70 mg/dL or HbA1c > 7%) | Odds Ratio | 2.92 | 0.78 | 1.10 | Exercising was found not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Eticha [36] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c | Good control (HbA1c < 7%); poor control (HbA1c ≥ 7%) | Odds Ratio | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | Participating in physical exercise was found to be significantly associated with good glycaemic control | ||
Shimels [75] | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 361 | FPG | Glycemic control (FPG: 100–130 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 1.00 | 0.47 | 2.13 | Being active was found not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Kefale [49] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 169 | FBS | Glycemic control (FBS ≤ 130 mg/dl in all these most three recent measurements) | Odds Ratio | 1.2 | 0.5 | 2.6 | Exercising regularly was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Fekadu [39] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–86 years | 228 | FBG | Good control (FBG: 70–130 mg/dL); poor control (< 70 mg/dL and > 130 mg/dL) | Inadequate physical activity | Odds Ratio | 3.19 | 1.05 | 19.84 | Doing exercise planned 0–3 days was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.019) | |
Mamo [53] | 2019 | Case–control | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control (cases) and without good glycemic control (controls); > 18 years | 410 | FBG | Good control (average fasting blood glucose of 80–130 mg/dL); poor control (average fasting blood glucose of > 130 mg/dL) | Odds Ratio | 4.79 | 1.70 | 13.53 | Inadequate physical activity was significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | ||
Fseha [40] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 22–60 years | 200 | FBS | Good (FBS 70–130 mg/dl), Poor (FBS > 130 mg/dl) | Moderate physical activity | Odds Ratio | 2.927 | 1.335 | 6.420 | Moderate physical exercise was found to be significantly associated with good glycaemic control | |
Mphwanthe [62] | 2020 | Cross- sectional | Malawi | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 25 years | 428 | HbA1c | Poor control (HbA1c ≥ 8%) | Physical activity level | ß coefficient | − 0.143 | − 0.186 | − 0.100 | Physical activity level was significantly correlated with good glycaemic control (p:0.001) | |
BeLue [128] | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Senegal | Type 2 diabetes | 106 | HbA1c | Glycemic control (HbA1c < 7%) | Smoking | Not smoking | ß coefficient | − 0.25 | -1.25 | 0.75 | Being a no smoker was not found significantly associated with glycaemic control |
Fekadu [39] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–86 years | 228 | FBG | Good control (FBG: 70–130 mg/dL); poor control (< 70 mg/dL and > 130 mg/dL) | Smoking | Odds Ratio | 4.51 | 0.00 | 0.50 | Smoking was found significantly associated with poor glycaemic control (p:0.022) | |
Woldu [83] | 2014 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes | 102 | FBG | Poor control (FBG level of > 126 mg/dl) | Odds Ratio | 2.7 | 0.264 | 27.102 | Smoking was not significantly associated with glycaemic control | ||
Fekadu [39] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; 18–86 years | 228 | FBG | Good control (FBG: 70–130 mg/dL); poor control (< 70 mg/dL and > 130 mg/dL) | Alcohol consumption | Acohol consumption | Odds Ratio | 1.44 | 1.24 | 19.02 | Alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with glycaemic control (p:0.177) |
Biru [29] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes;  ≥ 18 years | 322 | FBG | Good control (FBG ≤ 110 mg/dL) | History of alcohol consumption | Odds Ratio | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.65 | The fact to ever had drunk alcohol was found significantly associated with poor glycaemic control | |
Kefale [49] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 169 | FBS | Glycemic control (FBS ≤ 130 mg/dl) | Use of illicit substance | Use of illicit substance | Odds Ratio | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.2 | Previous use of substance was not significantly associated with glycaemic control |