Table 1 General characteristics of included studies
First author last name | Study setting | Study type | Publication year | Study population | Sample size | Glycaemic level assessment method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achila [16] | Eritrea | Cross-sectional | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes; 20–88 years | 309 | HbA1c |
Adejumo [17] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2012 | Type 2 diabetes with normal renal function; ≥ 18 years | 144 | HbA1c |
Adeniyi [18] | South Africa | Cross-sectional | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 30 years at diagnostic of diabetes | 327 | HbA1c |
Afolabi [19] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; 40–80 years | 80 | HbA1c |
Akabwai [20] | Uganda | Cross-sectional | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 280 | HbA1c |
Akpalu [21] | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; 30–65 years | 400 | HbA1c |
Anioke [22] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 30 years | 140 | HbA1c |
Anyanwu [23] | Nigeria | Randomized controlled trial | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control and vitamin D deficiency; 35–65 years | 42 | HbA1c |
Assah [24] | Cameroon | Randomized controlled trial | 2015 | Type 2 diabetes | 192 | HbA1c |
Ayele [25] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; > 18 years | 275 | FBG |
Belay [26] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes; 18–80 years | 188 | FPG |
BeLue [27] | Senegal | Cross-sectional | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes | 106 | HbA1c |
Biadgo [28] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes | 159 | FBS |
Biru [29] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 322 | FBG |
Blum [30] | DR Congo | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 319 | HbA1c |
Botchway [31] | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 2021 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 254 | HbA1c |
Camara [32] | Cameroon and Guinea | Cross-sectional | 2015 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 16 years | 1267 | HbA1c |
Dagnew [33] | Ethiopia | Comparative Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes and healthy relatives; ≥ 30 years | 210 | FBG |
Demoz [34] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 357 | HbA1c and FBG |
Doglikuu [35] | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 2021 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 530 | HbA1c |
Eticha [36] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 384 | HbA1c |
Ezema [37] | Nigeria | Randomized trial | 2014 | Type 2 diabetes; 40–55 years | 54 | FBG |
Fayehun [38] | Nigeria | Randomized trial | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; 33–64 years | 46 | HbA1c |
Fekadu [39] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; 18–86 years | 228 | Mean of FBG records from the last three clinic visits |
Fseha [40] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes; 22–60 years | 200 | Three-month average FBG |
Gathu [41] | Kenya | Randomized controlled trial | 2018 | Sub-optimally controlled type 2 diabetes; 18–65 years | 140 | HbA1c |
Gebremedhin [42] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 267 | FBG |
Hailu [43] | Ethiopia | Controlled before-and-after study | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; > 30 years | 220 | HbA1c |
Id [44] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2021 | Type 2 diabetes; > 18 years | 394 | FBS |
Inih [45] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; men | 150 | HbA1c |
Kalain [46] | South Africa | Cross-sectional | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 200 | HbA1c |
Kamuhabwa [47] | Tanzania | Cross-sectional | 2014 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 469 | FBG |
Kassahun [48] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 309 | Mean of at least four months FBG readings |
Kefale [49] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 169 | mean of at least three-month FBG measurements |
Khoza [50] | South Africa | Case–control | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; > 30 years | 320 | HbA1c and glucose |
Kimando [51] | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes without overt complications; ≥ 30 years | 385 | HbA1c |
Maharaj [52] | Nigeria | Randomized controlled trial | 2016 | Non-insulin dependent type 2 diabetes; 30–58 years | 90 | HbA1c, FPG |
Mamo [53] | Ethiopia | Case–control | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control (cases) and without good glycemic control (controls); > 18 years | 410 | FBG |
Mash [54] | South Africa | Quasi-experimental study | 2014 | Type 2 diabetes; > 18 years | 1570 | HbA1c |
Mash [55] | South Africa | Pragmatic Randomized controlled trial | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes | 600 | HbA1c |
Mashele [56] | South Africa | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; 35–74 years | 176 | HbA1c |
Mayet [57] | South Africa | Descriptive retrospective study | 2012 | Poorly controlled insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes | 131 | HbA1c |
Mobula [58] | Ghana | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Hypertensive and Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 1226 | HbA1c |
Mohamed [59] | Sudan | Case–control | 2013 | Type 2 diabetes and non-diabetic controls | 457 | HbA1c |
Mohammed [60] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes | 307 | FBG |
Mphwanthe [61] | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 25 years | 428 | HbA1c |
Mphwanthe [62] | Malawi | Cross-sectional | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes | 428 | HbA1c |
Muchiri [63] | South Africa | Randomized controlled trial | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes; 40–70 years | 82 | HbA1c |
Mwavua [64] | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 200 | HbA1c |
Mwita [65] | Botswana | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 500 | HbA1c |
Noor [66] | Sudan | Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes | 387 | HbA1c |
Omar [67] | Sudan | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 339 | HbA1c |
Osuji [68] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 316 | HbA1c |
Otieno [69] | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 30 years | 220 | HbA1c |
Oyewole [70] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 21 years | 162 | FBG and HbA1c |
Rambiritch [71] | South Africa | A 12-week, prospective, single-center, open-label, dose-escalation study | 2014 | Poorly controlled type 2 diabetes requiring oral antidiabetic medications; > 20 years | 22 | FBG |
Ramkisson [72] | South Africa | Cross-sectional | 2016 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 401 | HbA1c |
Rwegerera [73] | Botswana | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes | 368 | HbA1c |
Sarfo-Kantanka [74] | Ghana | Case–control | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes; 40–80 years | 612 | FBG and HbA1c |
Shimels [75] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 361 | FPG |
Siddiqui [76] | South Africa | Prospective observational study | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; 18–65 years | 95 | HbA1c |
Tefera [77] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 400 | FPG |
Tekalegn [78] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 15 years | 412 | FBG |
Teklay [79] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2013 | Type 2 diabetes; ≥ 18 years | 267 | Mean of the last four FBG readings |
Thuita [80] | Kenya | Cross-sectional | 2019 | Type 2 diabetes; 20–79 years | 153 | HbA1c |
Thuita [81] | Kenya | Randomized controlled trial | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes; 20–79 years | 153 | HbA1C and FBG |
Tsobgny-Tsague [82] | Cameroon | Randomized controlled trial | 2018 | Type 2 diabetes with poor glycaemic control and moderate to severe chronic periodontitis | 34 | HbA1c |
Woldu [83] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2014 | Type 2 diabetes | 102 | FBG |
Yan [84] | Mozambique | Randomized controlled trial | 2014 | Type 2 diabetes; 40–70 years | 41 | HbA1c |
Yigazu [85] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2017 | Type 2 diabetes; 18–80 years | 174 | average FBG |
Yimam [86] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2020 | Type 2 diabetes with hypertension; ≥ 18 years | 300 | Mean FBG level over three months Consecutive measurements |
Yosef [87] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2021 | Type 2 diabetes | 245 | Mean FBG over three consecutive visits |
Abera [88] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional | 2022 | Type 2 diabetes | 325 | HbA1c |
Abebe [89] | Ethiopia | Prospective observational study | 2022 | Type 2 diabetes | 138 | Mean FBG level over three months consecutive measurements |