Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of subjects among different T2D subgroups
|  | Total (n = 4060) | Subgroup A (n = 1497) | Subgroup B (n = 1544) | Subgroup C (n = 811) | Subgroup D (n = 208) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SE), years | 58.13 ± 0.40 | 56.44 ± 0.53 | 62.16 ± 0.61 | 56.24 ± 0.93 | 52.97 ± 2.00 | 0.774 |
FPG (mean ± SE), mmol/L | 8.37 ± 0.09 | 7.51 ± 0.09 | 7.43 ± 0.09 | 10.47 ± 0.17 | 17.70 ± 0.21 |  < 0.001 |
TG (mean ± SE), mmol/L | 1.96 ± 0.04 | 1.53 ± 0.03 | 1.47 ± 0.03 | 3.77 ± 0.09 | 2.81 ± 0.24 |  < 0.001 |
TyG index (mean ± SE) | 9.26 ± 0.03 | 9.00 ± 0.02 | 8.95 ± 0.02 | 10.26 ± 0.03 | 10.44 ± 0.08 |  < 0.001 |
BMI (mean ± SE), kg/m2 | 32.68 ± 0.23 | 37.07 ± 0.27 | 26.07 ± 0.12 | 33.36 ± 0.50 | 32.59 ± 1.60 |  < 0.001 |
Gender | ||||||
 Male | 2133 (52.5) | 713 (47.6) | 903 (58.5) | 455 (56.1) | 89 (42.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Female | 1927 (47.5) | 784 (52.4) | 641 (41.5) | 356 (43.9) | 119 (57.2) | |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
 Non-Hispanic white | 2429 (59.8) | 939 (62.7) | 848 (54.9) | 521 (64.3) | 91 (43.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Non-Hispanic black | 647 (15.9) | 283 (18.9) | 245 (15.8) | 69 (8.5) | 33 (16.0) | |
 Non-Hispanic black | 389 (9.6) | 131 (8.7) | 118 (7.7) | 109 (13.5) | 37 (18.0) | |
 Other | 596 (14.7) | 144 (9.6) | 333 (21.6) | 111 (13.7) | 46 (22.2) | |
Smoking status | ||||||
 Never smoker | 1978 (48.7) | 759 (50.7) | 697 (45.2) | 385 (47.5) | 130 (62.4) | 0.238 |
 Ever smoker | 1392 (34.3) | 486 (32.5) | 583 (37.8) | 281 (34.6) | 50 (23.8) | |
 Current smoker | 690 (17.0) | 252 (16.8) | 264 (17.1) | 145 (17.9) | 29 (13.8) | |
Education levels | ||||||
  < 9th grade | 462 (11.4) | 150 (10.0) | 205 (13.3) | 90 (11.1) | 27 (12.9) | 0.168 |
 9-11th grade | 689 (17.0) | 236 (15.8) | 237 (15.4) | 170 (20.9) | 56 (26.7) | |
 12th grade | 1123 (27.7) | 435 (29.0) | 427 (27.7) | 213 (26.3) | 34 (16.4) | |
  > 12th grade | 1786 (44.0) | 676 (45.2) | 675 (43.7) | 337 (41.6) | 91 (43.9) | |
Family income-poverty ratio | ||||||
  ≤ 1.0 | 701 (17.3) | 244 (16.3) | 284 (18.4) | 141 (17.4) | 40 (19.2) | 0.264 |
 1.0–3.0 | 1800 (44.3) | 696 (46.5) | 645 (41.8) | 335 (41.3) | 116 (55.8) | |
  > 3.0 | 1559 (38.4) | 558 (37.2) | 615 (39.8) | 335 (41.3) | 52 (25.0) | |
Ideal physical activity | ||||||
 Yes | 1535 (37.8) | 532 (35.5) | 625 (40.5) | 314 (38.7) | 80 (38.5) | 0.429 |
 No | 2525 (62.2) | 965 (64.5) | 919 (59.5) | 497 (61.3) | 128 (61.5) | |
Duration of diabetes | ||||||
  ≤ 3 years | 1363 (33.6) | 540 (36.1) | 488 (31.6) | 263 (32.4) | 50 (24.0) | 0.269 |
 3–10 years | 1457 (35.9) | 536 (35.8) | 570 (36.9) | 266 (32.8) | 91 (43.7) | |
  > 10 years | 1241 (30.6) | 421 (28.1) | 486 (31.5) | 282 (34.8) | 67 (32.3) | |
Hypertension | ||||||
 Yes | 2463 (60.7) | 1030 (68.8) | 796 (51.6) | 470 (57.9) | 107 (51.5) |  < 0.001 |
 No | 1597 (39.3) | 467 (31.2) | 748 (48.4) | 341 (42.1) | 101 (48.5) | |
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||
 Yes | 2106 (51.9) | 775 (51.8) | 801 (51.9) | 431 (53.1) | 96 (46.3) | 0.876 |
 No | 1954 (48.1) | 722 (48.2) | 743 (48.1) | 380 (46.9) | 112 (53.7) | |
CVD | ||||||
 Yes | 901 (22.2) | 338 (22.6) | 320 (20.8) | 202 (24.9) | 34 (16.5) | 0.400 |
 No | 3159 (77.8) | 1159 (77.4) | 1224 (79.2) | 609 (75.1) | 174 (83.5) | |
Diabetes medication use | ||||||
 No insulin or pills | 1797 (44.3) | 646 (43.2) | 716 (46.4) | 362 (44.6) | 78 (37.3) | 0.010 |
 Only diabetes pills | 1762 (43.4) | 673 (45.0) | 669 (43.3) | 336 (41.4) | 70 (33.6) | |
 Only insulin | 240 (5.9) | 77 (5.1) | 95 (6.1) | 56 (6.9) | 19 (9.0) | |
 Pills and insulin | 261 (6.4) | 101 (6.8) | 64 (4.2) | 57 (7.1) | 42 (20.1) | |
Hypertension medication use | ||||||
 Yes | 2094 (51.6) | 891 (59.5) | 664 (43.0) | 399 (49.2) | 80 (38.6) |  < 0.001 |
 No | 1966 (48.4) | 606 (40.5) | 880 (57.0) | 412 (50.8) | 128 (61.4) | |
Hypercholesterolemia medication use | ||||||
 Yes | 1515 (37.3) | 575 (38.4) | 569 (36.9) | 300 (36.9) | 60 (28.8) | 0.668 |
 No | 2545 (62.7) | 922 (61.6) | 975 (63.1) | 511 (63.1) | 148 (71.2) | |
SBP (mean ± SE), mmHg | 131.02 ± 0.60 | 129.58 ± 0.84 | 132.54 ± 0.95 | 131.77 ± 1.35 | 131.87 ± 3.76 | 0.072 |
DBP (mean ± SE), mmHg | 70.64 ± 0.40 | 71.46 ± 0.62 | 68.45 ± 0.69 | 72.23 ± 1.11 | 71.87 ± 1.82 | 0.99 |
TC (mean ± SE), mmol/L | 4.98 ± 0.03 | 4.76 ± 0.04 | 4.85 ± 0.04 | 5.60 ± 0.08 | 5.87 ± 0.20 |  < 0.001 |
HDL (mean ± SE), mmol/L | 1.24 ± 0.01 | 1.24 ± 0.01 | 1.34 ± 0.02 | 1.03 ± 0.02 | 1.24 ± 0.06 |  < 0.001 |
LDL (mean ± SE), mmol/L | 2.84 ± 0.03 | 2.81 ± 0.04 | 2.83 ± 0.04 | 2.85 ± 0.07 | 3.34 ± 0.19 | 0.051 |
Outcomes | ||||||
 Poor CVH | ||||||
  Yes | 1236 (34.7) | 638 (42.7) | 236 (15.3) | 383 (47.2) | 91 (43.5) |  < 0.001 |
  No | 2320 (65.3) | 859 (57.3) | 1308 (84.7) | 428 (52.8) | 117 (56.5) | |
 CKD | ||||||
  Yes | 678 (16.7) | 249 (16.6) | 279 (18.1) | 128 (15.8) | 20 (9.9) | 0.325 |
  No | 3373 (83.3) | 1248 (83.4) | 1265 (81.9) | 683 (84.2) | 188 (90.1) | |
 Retinopathy |  |  |  |  |  | |
  Yes | 550 (24.2) | 348 (23.3) | 405 (26.2) | 148 (18.2) | 105 (50.5) | 0.010 |
  No | 1726 (75.8) | 1149 (76.7) | 1139 (73.8) | 663 (81.8) | 103 (49.5) | |
 NAFLD | ||||||
  Yes | 517 (22.1) | 365 (24.4) | 255 (16.5) | 206 (25.4) | 50 (24.0) | 0.041 |
  No | 1826 (77.9) | 1132 (75.6) | 1289 (83.5) | 605 (74.6) | 158 (76.0) | |
 Advanced liver fibrosis | ||||||
  Yes | 927 (22.8) | 446 (29.8) | 235 (15.2) | 158 (19.5) | 39 (18.6) |  < 0.001 |
  No | 3133 (77.2) | 1051 (70.2) | 1309 (84.8) | 653 (80.5) | 169 (81.4) | |
 All-cause mortality | ||||||
  Yes | 872 (21.6) | 212 (14.1) | 431 (27.9) | 232 (28.6) | 50 (23.9) |  < 0.001 |
  No | 3171 (78.4) | 1285 (85.9) | 1113 (72.1) | 579 (71.4) | 158 (76.1) | |
 CVD-related mortality | ||||||
  Yes | 230 (5.7) | 60 (4.0) | 101 (6.6) | 70 (8.6) | 10 (4.9) | 0.014 |
  No | 3813 (94.3) | 1437 (96.0) | 1443 (93.4) | 741 (91.4) | 198 (95.1) | |
 Cancer-related mortality | ||||||
  Yes | 131 (3.2) | 37 (2.5) | 64 (4.2) | 30 (3.7) | 3 (1.6) | 0.128 |
  No | 3912 (96.8) | 1460 (97.5) | 1480 (95.8) | 781 (96.3) | 205 (98.4) | |