Table 2 Univariable analysis of the effects of covariates on DR
From: Biscuit consumption and diabetic retinopathy incidence in adults in the United States
| Â | n (%) | OR(95% CI) | P-value | P trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 959 (50.37%) | Reference | Â | 0.047 |
Female | 945 (49.63%) | 0.761 (0.582, 0.996) | 0.047 | |
Age | ||||
< 50 | 498 (26.16%) | Reference |  |  < 0.001 |
50–60 | 418 (21.95%) | 1.446 (0.932, 2.242) | 0.099 | |
60–70 | 477 (25.05%) | 2.179 (1.459, 3.255) |  < 0.001 | |
≥ 70 | 511 (26.84%) | 2.069 (1.389, 3.083) |  < 0.001 | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Mexican American | 275 (14.44%) | Reference | Â | 0.436 |
Other Hispanic | 38 (2.00%) | 1.040 (0.410, 2.641) | 0.934 | |
Non-Hispanic white | 1154 (60.61%) | 0.626 (0.428, 0.915) | 0.016 | |
Non-Hispanic black | 378 (19.85%) | 1.373 (0.907, 2.079) | 0.134 | |
Other ethnicities (including multi-racial) | 59 (3.10%) | 0.747 (0.318, 1.756) | 0.503 | |
Education level | ||||
Less than 9th grade | 207 (10.87%) | Reference |  |  < 0.001 |
9–11th grade (includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 278 (14.60%) | 0.899 (0.564, 1.434) | 0.655 | |
High school grade / General education diploma or equivalent | 497 (26.10%) | 0.660 (0.427, 1.018) | 0.060 | |
Some college or associate of arts degree | 508 (26.68%) | 0.654 (0.424, 1.009) | 0.055 | |
College graduate or above | 414 (21.74%) | 0.301 (0.178, 0.507) |  < 0.001 | |
Marital status | ||||
Partnered | 1233 (64.83%) | Reference | Â | 0.986 |
Single | 669 (35.17%) | 1.002 (0.758, 1.326) | 0.986 | |
Family PIR | ||||
< 1.3 | 401 (21.97%) | Reference |  | 0.004 |
1.3–3.5 | 725 (39.73%) | 0.986 (0.702, 1.386) | 0.937 | |
≥ 3.5 | 699 (38.30%) | 0.601 (0.415, 0.870) | 0.007 | |
Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life | ||||
Yes | 1042 (54.73%) | Reference | Â | 0.664 |
No | 862 (45.27%) | 1.061 (0.812, 1.388) | 0.664 | |
Had at least 12 alcohol drinks in one year | ||||
Yes | 1293 (68.96%) | Reference | Â | 0.004 |
No | 582 (31.04%) | 1.498 (1.134, 1.978) | 0.004 | |
Blood fasting glucose level (mmol/l) | ||||
 < 6.9 | 772 (85.12%) | Reference |  |  < 0.001 |
 ≥ 6.9 | 135 (14.88%) | 4.260 (2.802, 6.478) |  < 0.001 | |
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, %) | ||||
< 6.5 | 1654 (88.73%) | Reference |  |  < 0.001 |
≥ 6.5 | 210 (11.27%) | 7.13 (5.17, 9.82) |  < 0.001 | |
Diagnosis of diabetes | ||||
Yes | 257 (13.50%) | Reference |  |  < 0.001 |
No | 1600 (84.08%) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.19) |  < 0.001 | |
Borderline | 46 (2.42%) | 0.22 (0.09, 0.54) |  < 0.001 | |
Insulin use | ||||
Yes | 77 (4.04%) | Reference |  |  < 0.001 |
No | 1827 (95.96%) | 0.06 (0.03, 0.09) |  < 0.001 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
< 120 | 641 (34.37%) | Reference |  |  < 0.001 |
120–140 | 755 (40.48%) | 1.690 (1.186, 2.408) | 0.004 | |
≥ 140 | 469 (25.15%) | 2.507 (1.735, 3.623) |  < 0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
 < 80 | 1434 (76.89%) | Reference |  | 0.272 |
80–90 | 308 (16.52%) | 0.905 (0.615, 1.330) | 0.610 | |
 ≥ 90 | 123 (6.60%) | 1.537 (0.944, 2.502) | 0.084 | |
BMI (kg/m 2 ) | ||||
< 18.5 | 25 (1.32%) | Reference |  | 0.014 |
18.5–25 | 488 (25.79%) | 1.168 (0.267, 5.113) | 0.837 | |
25–30 | 669 (35.36%) | 1.950 (0.453, 8.398) | 0.370 | |
 ≥ 30 | 710 (37.53%) | 1.907 (0.443, 8.207) | 0.386 | |