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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the 1904 participants stratified by DR status

From: Biscuit consumption and diabetic retinopathy incidence in adults in the United States

 

No DR (n = 1657)

Any DR (n = 247)

P-value

Sex

0.047

Male

820 (49.49%)

139 (56.28%)

Female

837 (50.51%)

108 (43.72%)

Age (years)

59.70 ± 12.91

63.32 ± 12.39

 < 0.001

Ethnicity

 < 0.001

Mexican American

233 (14.06%)

42 (17.00%)

Other Hispanic

32 (1.93%)

6 (2.43%)

Non-Hispanic White

1037 (62.58%)

117 (47.37%)

Non-Hispanic Black

303 (18.29%)

75 (30.36%)

Other ethnicities

52 (3.14%)

7 (2.83%)

Education

 < 0.001

Lower than 9th grade

168 (10.14%)

39 (15.79%)

9–11th grade (includes 12th grade with no diploma)

230 (13.88%)

48 (19.43%)

High school grade/General education diploma or equivalent

431 (26.01%)

66 (26.72%)

Some college or associate of arts degree

441 (26.61%)

67 (27.13%)

College graduate or above

386 (23.30%)

27 (10.93%)

Not recorded

1 (0.06%)

0 (0.00%)

Marital status

0.861

Partnered

1073 (64.76%)

160 (64.78%)

Single

582 (35.12%)

87 (35.22%)

Not recorded

2 (0.12%)

0 (0.00%)

Family PIR

2.93 ± 1.59

2.52 ± 1.45

 < 0.001

Had at least 12 alcohol drinks in one year

0.015

Yes

1144 (69.04%)

149 (60.32%)

No

487 (29.39%)

95 (38.46%)

Not recorded

26 (1.57%)

3 (1.21%)

Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life

0.663

Yes

910 (54.92%)

132 (53.44%)

No

747 (45.08%)

115 (46.56%)

Fasting blood glucose level (mmol/l)

5.92 ± 1.47

7.22 ± 3.01

 < 0.001

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, %)

5.61 ± 0.77

6.58 ± 1.68

 < 0.001

Diagnosis of diabetes

 < 0.001

Yes

153 (9.23%)

104 (42.11%)

No

1464 (88.35%)

136 (55.06%)

Borderline

40 (2.41%)

6 (2.43%)

Not recorded

0 (0.00%)

1 (0.40%)

Insulin use

 < 0.001

Yes

25 (1.51%)

52 (21.05%)

No

1632 (98.49%)

195 (78.95%)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

128.14 ± 19.51

136.75 ± 23.44

 < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

70.88 ± 13.74

71.04 ± 14.50

0.867

BMI (kg/m 2)

29.04 ± 6.79

30.36 ± 6.90

0.005

Biscuit consumption frequency

 < 0.001

Never ate

234 (14.12%)

17 (6.88%)

1–11 times per year

824 (49.73%)

119 (48.18%)

1–3 times per month

386 (23.30%)

60 (24.29%)

 ≥ 1 times per week

187 (11.29%)

42 (17.00%)

Not recorded

26 (1.57%)

9 (3.64%)

  1. Mean ± SD for continuous variables.
  2. Boldface indicates statistical significance.
  3. PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; DR, diabetic retinopathy.