From: Biscuit consumption and diabetic retinopathy incidence in adults in the United States
 | No DR (n = 1657) | Any DR (n = 247) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.047 | ||
Male | 820 (49.49%) | 139 (56.28%) | |
Female | 837 (50.51%) | 108 (43.72%) | |
Age (years) | 59.70 ± 12.91 | 63.32 ± 12.39 |  < 0.001 |
Ethnicity |  < 0.001 | ||
Mexican American | 233 (14.06%) | 42 (17.00%) | |
Other Hispanic | 32 (1.93%) | 6 (2.43%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 1037 (62.58%) | 117 (47.37%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 303 (18.29%) | 75 (30.36%) | |
Other ethnicities | 52 (3.14%) | 7 (2.83%) | |
Education |  < 0.001 | ||
Lower than 9th grade | 168 (10.14%) | 39 (15.79%) | |
9–11th grade (includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 230 (13.88%) | 48 (19.43%) | |
High school grade/General education diploma or equivalent | 431 (26.01%) | 66 (26.72%) | |
Some college or associate of arts degree | 441 (26.61%) | 67 (27.13%) | |
College graduate or above | 386 (23.30%) | 27 (10.93%) | |
Not recorded | 1 (0.06%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
Marital status | 0.861 | ||
Partnered | 1073 (64.76%) | 160 (64.78%) | |
Single | 582 (35.12%) | 87 (35.22%) | |
Not recorded | 2 (0.12%) | 0 (0.00%) | |
Family PIR | 2.93 ± 1.59 | 2.52 ± 1.45 |  < 0.001 |
Had at least 12 alcohol drinks in one year | 0.015 | ||
Yes | 1144 (69.04%) | 149 (60.32%) | |
No | 487 (29.39%) | 95 (38.46%) | |
Not recorded | 26 (1.57%) | 3 (1.21%) | |
Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in life | 0.663 | ||
Yes | 910 (54.92%) | 132 (53.44%) | |
No | 747 (45.08%) | 115 (46.56%) | |
Fasting blood glucose level (mmol/l) | 5.92 ± 1.47 | 7.22 ± 3.01 |  < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, %) | 5.61 ± 0.77 | 6.58 ± 1.68 |  < 0.001 |
Diagnosis of diabetes |  < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 153 (9.23%) | 104 (42.11%) | |
No | 1464 (88.35%) | 136 (55.06%) | |
Borderline | 40 (2.41%) | 6 (2.43%) | |
Not recorded | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.40%) | |
Insulin use |  < 0.001 | ||
Yes | 25 (1.51%) | 52 (21.05%) | |
No | 1632 (98.49%) | 195 (78.95%) | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.14 ± 19.51 | 136.75 ± 23.44 |  < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.88 ± 13.74 | 71.04 ± 14.50 | 0.867 |
BMI (kg/m 2) | 29.04 ± 6.79 | 30.36 ± 6.90 | 0.005 |
Biscuit consumption frequency |  < 0.001 | ||
Never ate | 234 (14.12%) | 17 (6.88%) | |
1–11 times per year | 824 (49.73%) | 119 (48.18%) | |
1–3 times per month | 386 (23.30%) | 60 (24.29%) | |
 ≥ 1 times per week | 187 (11.29%) | 42 (17.00%) | |
Not recorded | 26 (1.57%) | 9 (3.64%) |