Table 4 Comparison of probable diabetes vs low risk (LR)/high risk (HR) of diabetes with all the variables at follow-up in 2019
From: Incidence of diabetes and its predictors in the Greater Beirut Area: a five-year longitudinal study
Variables |  | Low/high risk of diabetes n = 138 | Probable diabetes N = 13 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||
 Age | Mean (± SD) | 49.3 ± 13.3 | 55.7 ± 10.8 | 0.12 |
 Gender | Female | 86 (62.3) | 7 (53.8) | 0.56 |
 Marital status | Married | 109 (79.6) | 11 (84.6) | 0.64 |
Single | 11 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Other | 17 (12.4) | 2 (15.4) | ||
 Income |  < 1000$ | 90 (65.7) | 10 (76.9) | 0.54 |
 ≥ 1000 $ | 47 (34.3) | 3 (23.1) | ||
 Education | No schooling/primary school | 37 (26.8) | 3 (23.1) | 0.95 |
Intermediate school | 45 (32.6) | 4 (30.8) | ||
Secondary school/technical diploma | 42 (30.4) | 5 (38.5) | ||
University degree | 14 (10.1) | 1 (7.7) | ||
LIfestyle habits | ||||
 Smoking | Never | 31 (22.5) | 3 (23.1) | 0.03 |
Current | 97 (70.3) | 5 (38.5) | ||
Former | 10 (7.2) | 5 (38.5) | ||
 Current Alcohol Drinker | Yes | 18 (48.6) | 2 (40.0) | 1.00 |
 Coffee Drinker | Yes | 118 (85.5) | 10 (76.9) | 0.42 |
 Sleep apnea index | Low risk | 87 (63.0) | 7 (53.8) | 0.56 |
High risk | 51 (37.0) | 6 (46.2) | ||
 Any Physical activity |  | 109 (79.0) | 7 (53.8) | 0.08 |
 Physical activity status | Low | 70 (50.7) | 8 (61.5) | 0.78 |
Moderate | 49 (35.5) | 4 (30.8) | ||
High | 19 (13.8) | 1 (7.7) | ||
 Specific nutrition items consumption per 24 h | ||||
 Coffee consumption/ mgrams | Medin (IQR) | 225.1 (251.8) | 209.3 (454.5) | 0.37 |
 Coffee cups/ number | Median (IQR) | 2.1 (4.1) | 2.7 (2.2) | 0.81 |
 Dairy consumption / grams | Median (IQR) | 121.9 (158.2) | 169.5 (191.8) | 0.30 |
 Fruits/grams | Median (IQR) | 300.5 (286.8) | 427.0 (210.3) | 0.20 |
 Vegetables/ grams | Median (IQR) | 216.1 (174.0) | 147.9 (2.05) | 0.70 |
 Fruits/Kcal | Median (IQR) | 203.1 (206.0) | 234.5 (172.9) | 0.76 |
 Vegetables/ Kcal | Median (IQR) | 77.4 (62.9) | 43.7 (72.0) | 0.83 |
 Glycemic load | Median (IQR) | 203.8 (128.3) | 75.6 (103.6) | 0.86 |
 Glycemic index | Mean (± SD) | 60.7 ± 6.6 | 61.9 ± 8.3 | 0.54 |
 Sweetened beverages/ grams | Median (IQR) | 96.3 (177.9) | 78.6 (223.5) | 0.67 |
 Fruit Juices Fresh /grams | Median (IQR) | 37.7 (82.0) | 32.2 (66.1) | 0.99 |
Medical history | ||||
 Family history of diabetes |  | 64 (46.4) | 11 (84.6) | 0.009 |
 HTN diagnosis | Yes | 37 (26.8) | 3 (23.1) | 1.00 |
 HTN treatment | Yes | 28 (20.3) | 6 (46.2) | 0.07 |
 Dyslipidemia diagnosis | Yes | 44 (31.9) | 5 (38.5) | 0.76 |
 Dyslipidemia treatment | Yes | 36 (26.1) | 6 (46.2) | 0.19 |
Obesity indicators and vital signs | ||||
 Systolic blood pressure mmHg | Median (IQR) | 117.0 (21.3) | 121.0 (26.8) | 0.53 |
 Diastolic blood pressure mmHg | Mean (± SD) | 77.4 ± 9.8 | 79.8 ± 12.7 | 0.64 |
 Heart rate (bpm) | Medan (IQR) | 74.0 (16.0) | 73.0 (23.0) | 0.45 |
 BMI | Median (IQR) | 29.3 (6.9) | 33.2 (6.9) | 0.01 |
 Waist circumference (cm) | Mean (± SD) | 97.2 ± 13.4 | 111.0 ± 10.8 | 0.01 |
 Body fat (kg) | Mean (± SD) | 28.1 ± 10.7 | 38.2 ± 10.3 | 0.002 |
 Muscle Mass (kg) | Mean (± SD) | 27.6 ± 6.5 | 30.2 ± 7.6 | 0.23 |
 Metabolic syndrome | Yes | 58 (42.0) | 11 (84.6) | 0.006 |
Laboratory measures | ||||
 HBA1C (%) | Median (IQR) | 5.4 (0.0) | 6.3 (1.0) |  < 0.0001 |
 fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 99.5 (15.0) | 133.0 (27.0) |  < 0.0001 |
 Fingerstick glucose (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 97.5 (14.0) | 121.0 (26.5) |  < 0.0001 |
 HOMA-IR | Median (IQR) | 2.4 (2.5) | 6.0 (4.1) | 0.02 |
 Creatinine (mg/dL) | Mean (± SD) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.80 ± 0.2 | 0.84 |
 Insulin (IU/mL) | Median (IQR) | 9.6 (8.0) | 16.9 (7.0) | 0.001 |
 C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 7.0 (5.0) | 12.0 (15.0) | 0.003 |
 HDL-C (mg/dL) | Mean (± SD) | 50.0 ± 13.5 | 42.1 ± 10.1 | 0.04 |
 LDL-C (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 105.5 (41.0) | 104.0 (48.0) | 0.84 |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 119.0 (69.0) | 164.0 (78.0) | 0.01 |
 Vitamin D (ng/dL) | Median (IQR) | 11.2 (11.0) | 13.0 (19.0) | 0.33 |
 Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (ug/gm) | Median (IQR) | 46.9 (65.0) | 30.8 (64.8) | 0.23 |