Table 3 Comparison of probable diabetes vs low risk (LR)/high risk (HR) of diabetes with all the variables at baseline in 2014
From: Incidence of diabetes and its predictors in the Greater Beirut Area: a five-year longitudinal study
Variables |  | Low/high risk of diabetes n = 138 | Probable diabetes N = 13 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||
 Age | Mean (± SD) | 44.3 ± 13.3 | 50.7 ± 10.8 | 0.12 |
 Gender | Female | 86 (62.3) | 7 (53.8) | 0.56 |
 Marital status | Married | 108 (78.3) | 10 (76.9) | 0.10 |
Single | 19 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Other | 11 (8.0) | 3 (23.1) | ||
 Income |  < 1000 $ | 104 (80.6) | 9 (69.2) | 0.30 |
 ≥ 1000 $ | 25 (19.4) | 4 (30.8) | ||
 Education | No schooling/primary school | 51 (37.2) | 2 (15.4) | 0.37 |
Intermediate school | 41 (29.9) | 6 (46.2) | ||
Secondary school/technical diploma | 33 (24.1) | 3 (23.1) | ||
University degree | 12 (8.8) | 2 (15.4) | ||
Lifestyle habits | ||||
 Smoking | Never | 31 (22.5) | 3 (23.1) | 0.01 |
Current | 93 (67.4) | 5 (38.5) | ||
Former | 14 (10.1) | 5 (38.5) | ||
 Current alcohol drinker | Yes | 23 (16.7) | 1 (7.7) | 0.69 |
 Coffee drinker | Yes | 113 (81.9) | 10 (76.9) | 0.71 |
 Sleep apnea index | Low risk | 87 (71.9) | 3 (33.3) | 0.02 |
High risk | 34 (28.1) | 6 (66.7) | ||
 Any physical activity |  | 120 (87.0) | 10 (76.9) | 0.32 |
 Physical activity status | Low | 61 (44.2) | 7 (53.8) | 0.69 |
Moderate | 49 (35.5) | 5 (38.5) | ||
High | 28 (20.3) | 1 (7.7) | ||
 Specific nutrition items consumption per 24 h | ||||
 Coffee consumption/ mgrams | Median (IQR) | 225.9 (283.5) | 161.2 (243.3) | 0.55 |
 Coffee cups/ number | Median (IQR) | 2.7 (3.6) | 3.0 (3.4) | 0.92 |
 Dairy consumption / grams | Median (IQR) | 119.6 (181.0) | 209.8 (251.5) | 0.53 |
 Fruits/grams | Median (IQR) | 197.4 (190.3) | 203.6 (204.2) | 0.75 |
 Vegetables/ grams | Median (IQR) | 110.8 (177.1) | 164.1 (209.3) | 0.78 |
 Fruits/KCal | Median (IQR) | 125.1 (131.7) | 139.9 (124.0) | 0.86 |
 Vegetables/ KCal | Median (IQR) | 77.8 (63.3) | 59.2 (64.6) | 0.84 |
 Glycemic load | Median (IQR) | 208.9 (123.2) | 186.2 (272.5) | 0.87 |
 Glycemic index | Mean (± SD) | 61.5 ± 7.2 | 64.1 ± 9.0 | 0.22 |
 Sweetened beverages/ grams | Median (IQR) | 127.4 (227.8) | 188.6 (291.6) | 0.92 |
Fruit juices fresh /grams | Median (IQR) | 37.6 (78.4) | 11.6 (33.4) |  < 0.0001 |
Medical history | ||||
 Hypertension diagnosis | Yes | 12 (8.7) | 2 (15.4) | 0.35 |
 Hypertension treatment | Yes | 11 (8.0) | 1 (7.7) | 1.00 |
 Dyslipidemia diagnosis | Yes | 23 (16.7) | 4 (30.8) | 0.25 |
 Dyslipidemia treatment | Yes | 18 (13.0) | 3 (23.1) | 0.40 |
Obesity indicators and vital signs | ||||
 Systolic blood pressure mmHg | Mean (± SD) | 118.8 ± 17.2 | 121.3 ± 18.3 | 0.66 |
 Diastolic blood pressure mmHg | Mean (± SD) | 74.4 ± 10.3 | 77.3 ± 9.7 | 0.40 |
 Heart rate (bpm) | Mean (± SD) | 77.7 ± 10.0 | 76.3 ± 11.6 | 0.46 |
 BMI | Mean (± SD) | 28.6 ± 5.1 | 33.5 ± 4.2 | 0.001 |
 Waist circumference (cm) | Mean (± SD) | 93.2 ± 12.3 | 108.2 ± 10.3 |  < 0.0001 |
 Body fat (kg) | Mean (± SD) | 27.5 ± 10.4 | 37.2 ± 7.6 | 0.001 |
 Muscle Mass (kg) | Mean (± SD) | 26.7 ± 6.4 | 29.7 ± 7.9 | 0.20 |
 Metabolic syndrome | Yes | 62 (44.9) | 11 (84.6) | 0.008 |
Laboratory measures | ||||
 HBA1C (%) | Mean (± SD) | 5.5 ± 0.4 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 0.001 |
 Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | Mean (± SD) | 98.3 ± 9.0 | 104.5 ± 9.3 | 0.03 |
 Fingerstick glucose (mg/dL) | Mean (± SD) | 100.2 ± 8.1 | 105.5 ± 8.1 | 0.04 |
 HOMA-IR | Median (IQR) | 6.3 (3.5) | 8.9 (4.9) | 0.002 |
 Creatinine (mg/dL) | Mean (± SD) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.52 |
 Insulin (IU/mL) | Median (IQR) | 25.6 (12.6) | 36.5 (14.7) | 0.004 |
 C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 9.0 (7.0) | 13.0 (16.0) | 0.03 |
 HDL-C (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 49.0 (19) | 42.0 (12.0) | 0.01 |
 LDL-C (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 109.5 (42.0) | 104.0 (35.0) | 0.63 |
 Triglyceride (mg/dL) | Median (IQR) | 106.5 (96.0) | 183.0 (81.0) | 0.03 |
 Vitamin D (ng/dL) | Mean (± SD) | 16.0 ± 8.6 | 16.5 ± 8.6 | 0.52 |
 Urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (ug/gm) | Median (IQR) | 58.6 (133.8) | 84.4 (55.1) | 0.85 |