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Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects according to UAE levels

From: Albuminuria but not low eGFR is closely associated with atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study

Variables

UAE < 30 mg/24 h (n = 1940)

UAE 30–299 mg/24 h (n = 467)

UAE ≥ 300 mg/24 h (n = 158)

p value

p* value

Male (n, %)

1066 (54.9%)

253 (54.2%)

109 (69.0%)

0.002

< 0.001

Age (years)

59 ± 12

61 ± 13

61 ± 12

< 0.001

< 0.001

DD (months)*

72 (17–120)

108 (36–156)

120 (48–180)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Hypertension (n, %)

931 (48.0%)

316 (67.7%)

129 (81.6%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Drinking (n, %)

298 (15.4%)

73 (15.6%)

26 (16.5%)

0.930

0.688

Smoking (n, %)

545 (28.1%)

139 (29.8%)

54 (34.2%)

0.233

0.204

APA (n, %)

981 (50.6%)

244 (52.2%)

92 (58.2%)

0.164

0.601

LLD (n, %)

560 (28.9%)

163 (34.9%)

76 (48.1%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

AHA (n, %)

824 (42.5%)

307 (65.7%)

129 (81.6%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

IIA (n, %)

1333 (68.7%)

367 (78.6%)

146 (92.4%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Metformin (n, %)

1087 (56.0%)

268 (57.4%)

89 (56.3%)

0.868

0.678

Insulin sensitizers (n, %)

264 (13.6%)

95(20.3%)

18(11.4%)

0.001

0.001

SBP (mmHg)

130 ± 16

137 ± 18

149 ± 20

< 0.001

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

79 ± 9

82 ± 11

85 ± 11

< 0.001

< 0.001

WC (cm)

88.41 ± 9.88

92.25 ± 11.01

91.76 ± 11.10

< 0.001

< 0.001

WHR

0.91 ± 0.06

0.92 ± 0.07

0.93 ± 0.06

< 0.001

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.64 ± 3.33

25.7 ± 3.67

25.54 ± 3.59

< 0.001

< 0.001

FPG (mmol/l)*

7.72 (6.21–9.66)

8.1 (6.42–9.93)

7.56 (5.86–9.59)

0.045

0.006

2-h PPG (mmol/l)*

13.58 (10.24–16.98)

13.79 (10.56–17.18)

12.37 (9.1–16.34)

0.018

0.180

HbA1c (%)

9.11 ± 2.38

9.35 ± 2.27

9.12 ± 2.37

0.150

0.087

FCP (ng/mL)*

1.61 (0.98–2.34)

1.75 (1.04–2.62)

1.87 (1.045–3.01)

< 0.001

< 0.001

2-h PCP (ng/mL)*

3.67 (2.07–5.35)

3.51 (2.09–5.35)

3.6 (1.79–5.34)

0.854

0.814

HOMA2-IR*

1.4 (0.9-2)

1.5 (0.9–2.4)

1.6 (0.9–2.5)

0.001

< 0.001

TG (mmol/l)*

1.37 (0.96–2.04)

1.59 (1.14–2.39)

1.66 (1.21–2.49)

< 0.001

< 0.001

TC (mmol/l)

4.66 ± 1.04

4.74 ± 1.20

5.52 ± 1.47

< 0.001

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.13 ± 0.31

1.06 ± 0.28

1.11 ± 0.30

< 0.001

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/l)

3.09 ± 0.92

3.09 ± 0.96

3.63 ± 1.21

< 0.001

< 0.001

ALT (U/l) *

19 (13–30)

20 (14–33)

18 (12–26)

0.049

0.103

SUA (µmol/l) *

302 (251–364)

320 (262–391)

378 (304–450)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. Values are expressed as the mean ± S.D, or median with interquartile range, or percentages
  2. UAE urinary albumin excretion, DD duration of diabetes, APA anti-platelet agents, LLD lipid-lowering drugs, AHA anti-hypertensive agents, IIA insulin or insulin analogue, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, WC waist circumference, WHR waist-to-hip ratio, BMI body mass index, FPG fasting plasma glucose, 2-h PPG 2-h postprandial plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin A1c, FCP fasting C-peptide, 2-h PCP 2-h postprandial C-peptide, HOMA2-IR HOMA of insulin resistance, TG total triglycerides TC total cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALT alanine transaminase, SUA serum uric acid
  3. p value: The p-values were not adjusted for age and sex for the trend
  4. p* value: The p-values were adjusted for sex and age for the trend
  5. * The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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