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Table 3 Characteristics according to quintiles of total dietary protein intake per kg body weight (mean-SE)

From: Evaluating type and amount of dietary protein in relation to metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa Persian cohort study

Men

 Total protein

Characteristics of participants (SE)

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

P-value

N = 3659

731

732

732

732

732

 

Total protein (g/kg bw/day)

0.906 (0.00)

1.234 (0.00)

1.485 (0.00)

1.750 (0.00)

2.268 (0.00)

 < 0.001

Age (year)

50.00 (0.36)

48.85 (0.35)

49.15 (0.35)

48.25 (0.35)

48.50 (0.35)

0.006

Weight (kg)

75.98 (0.44)

72.51 (0.44)

68.93 (0.44)

65.80 (0.44)

60.10 (0.44)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

26.36 (0.14)

25.18 (0.14)

24.10 (0.14)

23.31 (0.14)

21.42 (0.14)

 < 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

94.79 (0.36)

92.03 (0.36)

89.30 (0.36)

87.14 (0.36)

82.89 (0.36)

 < 0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

100.92 (0.25)

99.24 (0.25)

97.45 (0.25)

95.82 (0.25)

92.80 (0.25)

 < 0.001

Waist to hip ratio

0.937 (0.00)

0.926 (0.00)

0.914 (0.00)

0.908 (0.00)

0.892 (0.00)

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

113.05 (0.61)

111.10 (0.61)

110.31 (0.61)

110.04 (0.61)

107.45 (0.61)

 < 0.001

Adjusted*

112.20 (0.59)

110.65 (0.58)

110.24 (0.58)

110.40 (0.58)

108.44 (0.59)

0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75.99 (0.43)

74.85 (0.43)

74.43 (0.42)

73.63 (0.43)

71.77 (0.43)

 < 0.001

Adjusted*

75.40 (0.42)

74.54 (0.41)

74.39 (0.41)

73.84 (0.41)

72.50 (0.42)

 < 0.001

Blood glucose (mg/dl)

91.67 (0.85)

92.78 (0.84)

89.57 (0.84)

89.93 (0.84)

87.88 (0.85)

0.001

Adjusted†

90.61 (0.75)

91.87 (0.75)

89.76 (0.74)

90.28 (0.74)

89.30 (0.76)

0.158

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

146.53 (3.28)

146.28 (3.27)

133.21 (3.26)

136.10 (3.26)

117.31 (3.28)

 < 0.001

Adjusted‡

146.21 (3.27)

145.30 (3.25)

134.02 (3.24)

136.14 (3.24)

117.76 (3.28)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

183.38 (1.40)

181.53 (1.39)

176.12 (1.39)

180.53 (1.39)

173.26 (1.40)

 < 0.001

Adjusted‡

183.46 (1.38)

181.24 (1.37)

176.14 (1.37)

180.64 (1.37)

173.35 (1.38)

 < 0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

45.94 (0.50)

45.13 (0.50)

46.65 (0.50)

48.11 (0.50)

48.96 (0.51)

 < 0.001

Adjusted‡

45.74 (0.50)

45.13 (0.50)

46.61 (0.50)

48.16 (0.50)

49.16 (0.51)

 < 0.001

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

108.13 (1.16)

107.14 (1.15)

102.82 (1.15)

105.19 (1.15)

100.83 (1.16)

 < 0.001

Adjusted‡

108.48 (1.14)

107.05 (1.13)

102.72 (1.13)

105.25 (1.13)

100.63 (1.14)

 < 0.001

Nutritional intake

 Energy (kcal/day)

2454.45 (21.96)

3085.88 (21.89)

3452.38 (21.85)

3750.97 (21.86)

4202.14 (22.00)

 < 0.001

 Carbohydrate %E

67.99 (0.21)

68.22 (0.21)

67.91 (0.21)

67.69 (0.21)

67.74 (0.21)

0.428

 Fat %E

20.66 (0.21)

20.09 (0.21)

20.12 (0.21)

19.95 (0.21)

19.41 (0.21)

0.002

 Total protein %E

11.33 (0.05)

11.67 (0.05)

11.96 (0.05)

12.35 (0.05)

12.84 (0.05)

 < 0.001

 Animal protein %E

3.33 (0.05)

3.32 (0.05)

3.43 (0.05)

3.62 (0.05)

3.83 (0.05)

 < 0.001

 Plant protein %E

7.99 (0.05)

8.35 (0.05)

8.53 (0.05)

8.73 (0.05)

9.01 (0.05)

 < 0.001

Women

 Total protein

Characteristics of participants (SE)

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

P-value

N = 5260

1052

1053

1052

1051

1052

 

Total protein (g/kg bw/day)

0.73 (0.00)

1.04 (0.00)

1.27 (0.00)

1.56 (0.00)

2.11 (0.00)

 < 0.001

Age (year)

50.11 (0.29)

48.86 (0.29)

48.44 (0.29)

47.74 (0.29)

48.46 (0.29)

 < 0.001

Weight (kg)

72.19 (0.34)

68.39 (0.34)

65.34 (0.34)

62.40 (0.34)

57.24 (0.34)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

29.15 (0.13)

28.01 (0.13)

26.93 (0.13)

25.87 (0.13)

23.82 (0.13)

 < 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

102.05 (0.32)

98.43 (0.32)

96.26 (0.32)

94.09 (0.32)

89.56 (0.32)

 < 0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

106.41 (0.26)

103.17 (0.26)

101.37 (0.26)

99.16 (0.26)

95.86 (0.26)

 < 0.001

Waist to hip ratio

0.959 (0.00)

0.954 (0.00)

0.949 (0.00)

0.948 (0.00)

0.934 (0.00)

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

112.66 (0.55)

112.92 (0.55)

112.50 (0.54)

111.32 (0.55)

110.25 (0.55)

0.003

Adjusted*

111.79 (0.53)

112.75 (0.52)

112.32 (0.51)

111.57 (0.52)

111.23 (0.53)

0.259

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

75.23 (0.36)

75.42 (0.36)

75.16 (0.36)

74.48 (0.36)

73.59 (0.36)

0.002

Adjusted*

74.69 (0.36)

75.32 (0.35)

75.06 (0.35)

74.64 (0.35)

74.16 (0.36)

0.199

Blood glucose (mg/dl)

95.77 (1.00)

94.46 (1.00)

95.78 (1.00)

94.66 (1.00)

92.87 (1.00)

0.229

Adjusted†

94.14 (0.87)

94.07 (0.87)

95.94 (0.86)

95.49 (0.87)

93.91 (0.87)

0.329

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

129.93 (2.15)

130.52 (2.14)

128.33 (2.14)

127.20 (2.14)

121.37 (2.15)

0.022

Adjusted‡

130.31 (2.15)

131.10 (2.12)

128.39 (2.11)

127.03 (2.12)

120.52 (2.15)

0.005

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

191.01 (1.19)

189.96 (1.19)

190.78 (1.19)

191.03 (1.19)

188.06 (1.19)

0.354

Adjusted‡

191.74 (1.18)

190.43 (1.16)

190.49 (1.16)

190.83 (1.16)

187.35 (1.18)

0.102

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

52.07 (0.49)

52.66 (0.49)

53.99 (0.49)

54.95 (0.49)

56.43 (0.49)

 < 0.001

Adjusted‡

51.77 (0.49)

52.54 (0.49)

53.97 (0.48)

55.05 (0.49)

56.77 (0.49)

 < 0.001

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

112.95 (1.01)

111.19 (1.01)

111.11 (1.01)

110.64 (1.01)

107.35 (1.01)

0.003

Adjusted‡

113.90 (0.99)

111.67 (0.98)

110.83 (0.98)

110.37 (0.98)

106.47 (1.00)

 < 0.001

Nutritional intake

 Energy (kcal/day)

1939.96 (17.09)

2492.84 (17.06)

2827 (17.03)

3229.99 (17.06)

3787.74 (17.12)

 < 0.001

 Carbohydrate %E

67.43 (0.17)

67.77 (0.17)

67.94 (0.17)

67.93 (0.17)

68.47 (0.17)

0.001

 Fat %E

21.50 (0.18)

20.61 (0.18)

20.13 (0.18)

19.88 (0.18)

18.83 (0.18)

 < 0.001

 Total protein %E

11.06 (0.04)

11.61 (0.04)

11.91 (0.04)

12.18 (0.04)

12.69 (0.04)

 < 0.001

 Animal protein %E

2.96 (0.04)

3.06 (0.04)

3.15 (0.04)

3.26 (0.04)

3.19 (0.04)

 < 0.001

 Plant protein %E

8.10 (0.04)

8.54 (0.04)

8.76 (0.04)

8.92 (0.04)

9.49 (0.04)

 < 0.001

  1. Values are reported as mean and standard error
  2. P-values derived were derived from analysis of covariance test, after adjustment for age, physical activity (METs min/day) and wealth score index (except Age) in quintiles of total protein intake per body weight (gr/kg)
  3. Additional adjustments:
  4. The significance level was considered P < 0.05
  5. BMI body mass index, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein LDL-c low-density lipoprotein
  6. *Adjusted for smoking (Yes/No), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (gr/1000 kcal), sodium and potassium (mg/1000 kcal), diabetes mellitus (Yes/No) and dyslipidemia (Yes/No) and treatment for hypertension (Yes/No)
  7. †Adjusted for smoking, dyslipidemia (Yes/No) and blood glucose-lowering drugs (Yes/No)
  8. ‡Adjusted for smoking, MUFAs, PUFAs, SFAs, diabetes mellitus and treatment for dyslipidemia (Yes/No)