Men | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Total protein | ||||||
Characteristics of participants (SE) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-value |
N = 3659 | 731 | 732 | 732 | 732 | 732 |  |
Total protein (g/kg bw/day) | 0.906 (0.00) | 1.234 (0.00) | 1.485 (0.00) | 1.750 (0.00) | 2.268 (0.00) |  < 0.001 |
Age (year) | 50.00 (0.36) | 48.85 (0.35) | 49.15 (0.35) | 48.25 (0.35) | 48.50 (0.35) | 0.006 |
Weight (kg) | 75.98 (0.44) | 72.51 (0.44) | 68.93 (0.44) | 65.80 (0.44) | 60.10 (0.44) |  < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.36 (0.14) | 25.18 (0.14) | 24.10 (0.14) | 23.31 (0.14) | 21.42 (0.14) |  < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 94.79 (0.36) | 92.03 (0.36) | 89.30 (0.36) | 87.14 (0.36) | 82.89 (0.36) |  < 0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 100.92 (0.25) | 99.24 (0.25) | 97.45 (0.25) | 95.82 (0.25) | 92.80 (0.25) |  < 0.001 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.937 (0.00) | 0.926 (0.00) | 0.914 (0.00) | 0.908 (0.00) | 0.892 (0.00) |  < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.05 (0.61) | 111.10 (0.61) | 110.31 (0.61) | 110.04 (0.61) | 107.45 (0.61) |  < 0.001 |
Adjusted* | 112.20 (0.59) | 110.65 (0.58) | 110.24 (0.58) | 110.40 (0.58) | 108.44 (0.59) | 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.99 (0.43) | 74.85 (0.43) | 74.43 (0.42) | 73.63 (0.43) | 71.77 (0.43) |  < 0.001 |
Adjusted* | 75.40 (0.42) | 74.54 (0.41) | 74.39 (0.41) | 73.84 (0.41) | 72.50 (0.42) |  < 0.001 |
Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 91.67 (0.85) | 92.78 (0.84) | 89.57 (0.84) | 89.93 (0.84) | 87.88 (0.85) | 0.001 |
Adjusted†| 90.61 (0.75) | 91.87 (0.75) | 89.76 (0.74) | 90.28 (0.74) | 89.30 (0.76) | 0.158 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 146.53 (3.28) | 146.28 (3.27) | 133.21 (3.26) | 136.10 (3.26) | 117.31 (3.28) |  < 0.001 |
Adjusted‡ | 146.21 (3.27) | 145.30 (3.25) | 134.02 (3.24) | 136.14 (3.24) | 117.76 (3.28) |  < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 183.38 (1.40) | 181.53 (1.39) | 176.12 (1.39) | 180.53 (1.39) | 173.26 (1.40) |  < 0.001 |
Adjusted‡ | 183.46 (1.38) | 181.24 (1.37) | 176.14 (1.37) | 180.64 (1.37) | 173.35 (1.38) |  < 0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 45.94 (0.50) | 45.13 (0.50) | 46.65 (0.50) | 48.11 (0.50) | 48.96 (0.51) |  < 0.001 |
Adjusted‡ | 45.74 (0.50) | 45.13 (0.50) | 46.61 (0.50) | 48.16 (0.50) | 49.16 (0.51) |  < 0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 108.13 (1.16) | 107.14 (1.15) | 102.82 (1.15) | 105.19 (1.15) | 100.83 (1.16) |  < 0.001 |
Adjusted‡ | 108.48 (1.14) | 107.05 (1.13) | 102.72 (1.13) | 105.25 (1.13) | 100.63 (1.14) |  < 0.001 |
Nutritional intake | ||||||
 Energy (kcal/day) | 2454.45 (21.96) | 3085.88 (21.89) | 3452.38 (21.85) | 3750.97 (21.86) | 4202.14 (22.00) |  < 0.001 |
 Carbohydrate %E | 67.99 (0.21) | 68.22 (0.21) | 67.91 (0.21) | 67.69 (0.21) | 67.74 (0.21) | 0.428 |
 Fat %E | 20.66 (0.21) | 20.09 (0.21) | 20.12 (0.21) | 19.95 (0.21) | 19.41 (0.21) | 0.002 |
 Total protein %E | 11.33 (0.05) | 11.67 (0.05) | 11.96 (0.05) | 12.35 (0.05) | 12.84 (0.05) |  < 0.001 |
 Animal protein %E | 3.33 (0.05) | 3.32 (0.05) | 3.43 (0.05) | 3.62 (0.05) | 3.83 (0.05) |  < 0.001 |
 Plant protein %E | 7.99 (0.05) | 8.35 (0.05) | 8.53 (0.05) | 8.73 (0.05) | 9.01 (0.05) |  < 0.001 |
Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Total protein | ||||||
Characteristics of participants (SE) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P-value |
N = 5260 | 1052 | 1053 | 1052 | 1051 | 1052 |  |
Total protein (g/kg bw/day) | 0.73 (0.00) | 1.04 (0.00) | 1.27 (0.00) | 1.56 (0.00) | 2.11 (0.00) |  < 0.001 |
Age (year) | 50.11 (0.29) | 48.86 (0.29) | 48.44 (0.29) | 47.74 (0.29) | 48.46 (0.29) |  < 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 72.19 (0.34) | 68.39 (0.34) | 65.34 (0.34) | 62.40 (0.34) | 57.24 (0.34) |  < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.15 (0.13) | 28.01 (0.13) | 26.93 (0.13) | 25.87 (0.13) | 23.82 (0.13) |  < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 102.05 (0.32) | 98.43 (0.32) | 96.26 (0.32) | 94.09 (0.32) | 89.56 (0.32) |  < 0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 106.41 (0.26) | 103.17 (0.26) | 101.37 (0.26) | 99.16 (0.26) | 95.86 (0.26) |  < 0.001 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.959 (0.00) | 0.954 (0.00) | 0.949 (0.00) | 0.948 (0.00) | 0.934 (0.00) |  < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 112.66 (0.55) | 112.92 (0.55) | 112.50 (0.54) | 111.32 (0.55) | 110.25 (0.55) | 0.003 |
Adjusted* | 111.79 (0.53) | 112.75 (0.52) | 112.32 (0.51) | 111.57 (0.52) | 111.23 (0.53) | 0.259 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.23 (0.36) | 75.42 (0.36) | 75.16 (0.36) | 74.48 (0.36) | 73.59 (0.36) | 0.002 |
Adjusted* | 74.69 (0.36) | 75.32 (0.35) | 75.06 (0.35) | 74.64 (0.35) | 74.16 (0.36) | 0.199 |
Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 95.77 (1.00) | 94.46 (1.00) | 95.78 (1.00) | 94.66 (1.00) | 92.87 (1.00) | 0.229 |
Adjusted†| 94.14 (0.87) | 94.07 (0.87) | 95.94 (0.86) | 95.49 (0.87) | 93.91 (0.87) | 0.329 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 129.93 (2.15) | 130.52 (2.14) | 128.33 (2.14) | 127.20 (2.14) | 121.37 (2.15) | 0.022 |
Adjusted‡ | 130.31 (2.15) | 131.10 (2.12) | 128.39 (2.11) | 127.03 (2.12) | 120.52 (2.15) | 0.005 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 191.01 (1.19) | 189.96 (1.19) | 190.78 (1.19) | 191.03 (1.19) | 188.06 (1.19) | 0.354 |
Adjusted‡ | 191.74 (1.18) | 190.43 (1.16) | 190.49 (1.16) | 190.83 (1.16) | 187.35 (1.18) | 0.102 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 52.07 (0.49) | 52.66 (0.49) | 53.99 (0.49) | 54.95 (0.49) | 56.43 (0.49) |  < 0.001 |
Adjusted‡ | 51.77 (0.49) | 52.54 (0.49) | 53.97 (0.48) | 55.05 (0.49) | 56.77 (0.49) |  < 0.001 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 112.95 (1.01) | 111.19 (1.01) | 111.11 (1.01) | 110.64 (1.01) | 107.35 (1.01) | 0.003 |
Adjusted‡ | 113.90 (0.99) | 111.67 (0.98) | 110.83 (0.98) | 110.37 (0.98) | 106.47 (1.00) |  < 0.001 |
Nutritional intake | ||||||
 Energy (kcal/day) | 1939.96 (17.09) | 2492.84 (17.06) | 2827 (17.03) | 3229.99 (17.06) | 3787.74 (17.12) |  < 0.001 |
 Carbohydrate %E | 67.43 (0.17) | 67.77 (0.17) | 67.94 (0.17) | 67.93 (0.17) | 68.47 (0.17) | 0.001 |
 Fat %E | 21.50 (0.18) | 20.61 (0.18) | 20.13 (0.18) | 19.88 (0.18) | 18.83 (0.18) |  < 0.001 |
 Total protein %E | 11.06 (0.04) | 11.61 (0.04) | 11.91 (0.04) | 12.18 (0.04) | 12.69 (0.04) |  < 0.001 |
 Animal protein %E | 2.96 (0.04) | 3.06 (0.04) | 3.15 (0.04) | 3.26 (0.04) | 3.19 (0.04) |  < 0.001 |
 Plant protein %E | 8.10 (0.04) | 8.54 (0.04) | 8.76 (0.04) | 8.92 (0.04) | 9.49 (0.04) |  < 0.001 |