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Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to gender (SE)

From: Evaluating type and amount of dietary protein in relation to metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults: cross-sectional analysis of Fasa Persian cohort study

 

Men

Women

Ρ-value

N (%)

3660 (41%)

5262 (59%)

 

Age (year)

48.95 (0.159)

48.72 (0.132)

0.264

Height (cm)

168.75 (0.107)

155.69 (0.078)

 < 0.001

Weight (cm)

68.669 (0.224)

65.114 (0.173)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.07 (0.072)

26.83 (0.066)

 < 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

89.23 (0.181)

96.08 (0.159)

 < 0.001

Hip circumference (cm)

97.25 (0.124)

101.19 (0.129)

 < 0.001

Waist to hip ratio

0.91 (0.001)

0.94 (0.000)

 < 0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

110.39 (0.292)

111.93 (0.265)

 < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

74.14 (0.196)

74.78 (0.167)

0.013

Blood glucose (mg/dl)

90.37 (0.387)

94.71 (0.459)

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

135.89 (1.481)

127.47 (0.971)

 < 0.001

Cholesterol (mg/dl)

178.97 (0.626)

190.19 (0.541)

 < 0.001

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

46.96 (0.231)

54.03 (0.222)

 < 0.001

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl)

104.83 (0.519)

110.66 (0.456)

 < 0.001

Smoking (n-%)

 Overall

1942 (51.3%)

263 (5.0%)

 < 0.001

 Current-smoker

1423 (38.9%)

122 (2.3%)

 < 0.001

Nutritional intake/day (SE)

Energy (kcal/day)

3389.30 (13.939)

2855.45 (11.730)

 < 0.001

Carbohydrate (%e)

67.91% (0.097)

67.91% (0.080)

0.977

Fat (%e)

20.04% (0.098)

20.19% (0.083)

0.259

Total protein (%e)

12.03% (0.027)

11.89% (0.022)

 < 0.001

Animal protein (%e)

3.51% (0.026)

3.12% (0.021)

 < 0.001

Plant protein (%e)

8.52% (0.024)

8.76% (0.020)

 < 0.001

Energy (gr/kgbw)

50.42 (0.253)

44.67 (0.216)

 < 0.001

Carbohydrate (g/kgbw)

8.66 (0.045)

7.70 (0.038)

 < 0.001

Fat (gr/kgbw)

1.13 (0.008)

1.01 (0.006)

 < 0.001

Total protein (gr/kgbw)

1.52 (0.008)

1.34 (0.006)

 < 0.001

Animal protein (gr/kgbw)

0.44 (0.003)

0.34 (0.002)

 < 0.001

Plant protein (gr/kgbw)

1.08 (0.006)

1.00 (0.005)

 < 0.001

Carbohydrate (gr/day)

575.95 (2.539)

485.75 (2.124)

 < 0.001

Fat (gr/day)

75.29 (0.482)

63.66 (0.361)

 < 0.001

Total protein (gr/day)

101.96 (0.479)

84.88 (0.382)

 < 0.001

Animal protein (gr/day)

29.44 (0.250)

21.93 (0.165)

 < 0.001

Plant protein (gr/day)

72.51 (0.382)

62.94 (0.318)

 < 0.001

Sodium (mg/day)

4019.74 (22.450)

3745.49 (20.038)

 < 0.001

Potassium (mg/day)

3700.23 (26.206)

3297.05 (20.008)

 < 0.001

Saturated fatty acids (gr/day)

28.35 (0.238)

24.90 (0.190)

 < 0.001

MUFA (gr/day)

22.86 (0.174)

18.52 (0.119)

 < 0.001

PUFA (gr/day)

10.51 (0.081)

8.89 (0.060)

 < 0.001

  1. Data are reported as mean and standard error for continuous variables, and as proportion and percentage for categorical variables
  2. P-values were derived from the Chi-Squared test for categorical variables and Independent sample t-test for continuous variables represents differences between men and women
  3. The significance level was considered P < 0.05
  4. BMI body mass index, HDL-c high-density lipoprotein, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids