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Table 3 Relative risks for caregiver overestimation and underestimation of normalized KIDSCREEN-10 scores compared with the reference group (Models 1–3 with binary depression screening variables)

From: Overestimation and underestimation of youths’ health-related quality of life are associated with youth and caregiver positive screens for depression: results of a population-based study among youths with longstanding type 1 diabetes

Model

Variable

 

Overestimation versus agreement of youth and caregiver ratings

Underestimation versus agreement of youth and caregiver ratings

   

RR (95% CI)a

p-valueb

FDR adjusted p-valuec

N

RR (95% CI)a

p-valueb

FDR adjusted p-valuec

N

1

Youth depression screening (CES-DC)

Positive vs. negative

1.30 (1.10–1.52)

0.0017

0.0125

691

0.27 (0.15–0.50)

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0007

556

 

Caregiver depression screening (WHO-5)

Positive vs. negative

0.73 (0.60–0.89)

0.0023

0.0125

 

1.41 (1.14–1.75)

0.0017

0.006

 

2

Youth depression screening (CES-DC)

Positive vs. negative

1.26 (1.06–1.49)

0.0085

0.0340

691

0.28 (0.16–0.51)

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0007

556

 

Caregiver depression screening (WHO-5)

Positive vs. negative

0.73 (0.60–0.90)

0.0025

0.0125

 

1.42 (1.15–1.77)

0.0018

0.0060

 
 

Sex

Girls vs. boys

1.07 (0.91–1.25)

0.4374

0.4860

 

0.96 (0.77–1.20)

0.7458

0.8287

 
 

Age [years]

Per one year increase

1.03 (0.96–1.01)

0.3916

0.4786

 

0.95 (0.86–1.04)

0.2728

0.3897

 
 

Duration [years]

Per one year increase

0.97 (0.89–1.05)

0.4068

0.4786

 

1.01 (0.89–1.14)

0.9351

0.9351

 

3

Youth depression screening (CES-DC)

Positive vs. negative

1.17 (0.95–1.45)

0.1337

0.3343

626

0.38 (0.21–0.69)

0.0017

0.0060

519

 

Caregiver depression screening (WHO-5)

Positive vs. negative

0.71 (0.57–0.88)

0.0021

0.0125

 

1.56 (1.25–1.95)

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0007

 
 

Sex

Girls vs. boys

1.15 (0.96–1.38)

0.1223

0.3343

 

0.91 (0.72–1.16)

0.4404

0.5505

 
 

Age [years]

Per one year increase

1.03 (0.96–1.11)

0.3518

0.4786

 

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

0.1405

0.2342

 
 

Duration [years]

Per one year increase

0.96 (0.87–1.04)

0.3081

0.4786

 

1.06 (0.94–1.19)

0.3585

0.4780

 
 

Household composition

Parent and partner vs. biological parents

#

   

1.46 (1.11–1.92)

0.0209

0.0523

 
  

Single parent vs. biological parents

#

   

1.00 (0.70–1.45)

   
 

Caregiver report by

Father vs. mother

0.91 (0.66–1.24)

0.2549

0.4786

 

1.00 (0.66–1.53)

0.5887

0.6926

 
  

Both parents vs. mother

0.84 (0.67–1.04)

   

0.86 (0.62–1.16)

   
 

SES index

Middle vs. low

1.21 (0.91–1.62)

0.3592

0.4786

 

d

   
  

High vs. low

1.13 (0.83–1.52)

   

d

   
 

BMI-SDS

1 unit

0.96 (0.91–1.04)

0.3979

0.4786

 

0.91 (0.81–1.03)

0.1227

0.2231

 
 

HbA1c [%]

1 unit

0.97 (0.91–1.04)

0.3981

0.4786

 

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

0.8956

0.9351

 
 

Social Support Scale (SSS-short)

10 units

0.95 (0.91–1.00)

0.0545

0.1817

 

1.15 (1.05–1.27)

0.0038

0.0109

 
  1. aRR: Relative risk with 95% confidence interval from the log-binomial model including all four independent variables
  2. bP-value of the likelihood ratio test
  3. cP-value adjusted for multiple-comparison testing per the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure to control for the false discovery rate (FDR) [49]
  4. dVariable not selected by the Lasso method
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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