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Table 1 Characteristics of the study sample (total cohort and subgroups stratified based on the agreement of the self- and caregiver-KIDSCREEN-10 scores)

From: Overestimation and underestimation of youths’ health-related quality of life are associated with youth and caregiver positive screens for depression: results of a population-based study among youths with longstanding type 1 diabetes

Characteristic

Total cohort

KIDSCREEN-10 ratings

p-valued

FDR adjusted p-valuee

Overestimation by caregiversa

Agreement of youth and caregiver ratingsb

Underestimation by caregiversc

Percent or mean (SD)

n

Percent or mean (SD)

n

Percent or mean (SD)

n

Percent or mean (SD)

n

Study group

        

0.6917

0.7246

 1

11%

115

11%

44

11%

45

11%

26

  

 2

38%

400

39%

154

38%

164

34%

82

  

 3

51%

543

49%

192

51%

219

55%

132

  

Sex

        

0.0037

0.0081

 Boys

51%

543

47%

183

50%

215

60%

145

  

 Girls

49%

515

53%

207

50%

213

40%

95

  

Age [years]

14.3 (1.5)

1058

14.4 (1.5)

390

14.4 (1.5)

428

14.14 (1.6)

240

0.0923

0.1562

Household composition

        

0.0661

0.1212

 Biological parents

79%

828

80%

308

80%

343

74%

177

  

 Parent and partner

9%

92

6%

24

8%

35

14%

33

  

 Single parent

12%

123

13%

50

11%

45

12%

28

  

 Other

1%

11

1%

5

1%

4

1%

2

  

Caregiver report by

        

0.5229

0.6391

 Mother

72%

757

74%

289

68%

292

73%

176

  

 Father

8%

82

7%

27

8%

36

8%

19

  

 Mother and father

20%

212

18%

70

23%

98

18%

44

  

 Other

1%

6

1%

3

0%

2

0%

1

  

SES index

        

0.7769

0.7769

 Low SES

12%

123

11%

41

13%

56

11%

26

  

 Intermediate SES

45%

467

46%

177

44%

184

45%

106

  

 High SES

43%

450

43%

165

43%

179

45%

106

  

Age at onset [years]

2.9 (1.2)

1058

3.0 (1.1)

390

2.9 (1.2)

428

2.7 (1.2)

240

0.0189

0.0378

Diabetes duration [years]

12.0 (1.2)

1058

11.9 (1.2)

390

12.0 (1.2)

428

11.9 (1.3)

240

0.6306

0.6937

BMI-SDS

0.3 (0.9)

1028

0.3 (0.9)

377

0.4 (1.0)

416

0.2 (0.9)

235

0.1880

0.2954

HbA1c [mmol/mol]

66.2 (15.3)

1045

65.5 (14.7)

387

66.6 (14.7)

419

66.7 (17.0)

239

0.4509

0.5835

HbA1c [%]

8.2 (1.4)

1045

8.2 (1.4)

387

8.2 (1.3)

419

8.3 (1.6)

239

0.4509

0.5835

 < 7.5%

32%

338

36%

139

30%

126

31%

73

0.4241

0.5835

 7.5–9.0%

47%

496

44%

172

49%

205

50%

119

  

 > 9.0%

20%

211

20%

76

21%

88

20%

47

  

Insulin pump therapy

        

0.5888

0.6818

 No

35%

372

35%

137

37%

156

33%

79

  

 Yes

65%

676

65%

251

63%

265

67%

160

  

Social Support Scale (SSS-short)

83.8 (17.2)

994

80.8 (19.1)

361

83.6 (17.3)

404

88.9 (11.9)

229

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0002

KIDSCREEN-10 self

49.2 (10.1)

1058

45.0 (8.5)

390

48.5 (8.7)

428

57.3 (9.9)

240

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0002

KIDSCREEN-10 normalized self

64.2 (11.4)

1058

59.5 (9.6)

390

63.4 (9.9)

428

73.4 (11.2)

240

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0002

KIDSCREEN-10 caregiver

52.6 (12.0)

1058

59.6 (12.0)

390

50.0 (10.0)

428

46.0 (9.3)

240

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0002

KIDSCREEN-10 normalized caregiver

66.1 (11.5)

1058

72.7 (11.6)

390

63.5 (9.6)

428

59.7 (9.0)

240

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0002

CES-DC total score

10.2 (8.1)

929

12.2 (9.3)

344

10.2 (7.7)

374

6.8 (5.0)

211

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0002

Youth depression screening

        

0.0001

0.0002

 Negative (CES-DC total score ≤ 15)

71%

756

65%

253

71%

303

83%

200

  

 Positive (CES-DC total score > 15)

18%

191

25%

99

19%

80

5%

12

  

 Unknown

10%

111

10%

38

11%

45

12%

28

  

WHO-5 total score

57.9 (14.8)

1011

61.4 (14.4)

378

56.8 (14.2)

404

54.3 (15.3)

229

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0002

Caregiver depression screening

        

0.0001

0.0002

 Negative (WHO-5 total score > 50)

68%

719

76%

296

66%

282

59%

141

  

 Positive (WHO-5 total score ≤ 50)

28%

292

21%

82

29%

122

37%

88

  

 Unknown

4%

47

3%

12

6%

24

5%

11

  
  1. aDifference between normalized self-reported minus caregiver-reported KIDSCREEN-10 score lower than half a standard deviation of the self-reported KIDSCREEN-10 score (difference < -0.5*SD)
  2. b|Difference|≤ 0.5*SD
  3. cDifference > 0.5*SD
  4. dP-value of the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test (as appropriate) in the case of categorical variables and of the Kruskal–Wallis test for quantitative variables testing for differences among the overestimation, agreement and underestimation groups
  5. eP-value adjusted for multiple-comparison testing per the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure to control for the false discovery rate (FDR) [49]
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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