Table 3 Subgroup analysis

Study population

Asian

Western

1.21 95% CI: 1.02, 1.43 I² = 67% p = 0.03

1.55 95% CI: 1.31, 1.82 I² = 87% p < 0.00001

Study type

Prospective cohort

Retrospective cohort

1.84 95% CI: 1.20, 2.82 I² = 66% p = 0.005

1.37 95% CI: 1.18, 1.59 I² = 93% p < 0.0001

Type of DM

Only type 2 DM

Both types of DM

1.32 95% CI: 1.19, 1.46 I² = 71% p < 0.00001

1.73 95% CI: 1.62, 1.85 I² = 0% p < 0.00001

Adjustment for glycated hemoglobin

Yes

No

1.50 95% CI: 1.27, 1.77 I² = 86% p < 0.00001

1.35 95% CI: 1.07, 1.71 I² = 86% p = 0.01

Gender

Male

Female

1.18 95% CI: 1.05, 1.33 I² = 0% p = 0.006

1.30 95% CI: 1.19, 1.41 I² = 0% p < 0.00001

No of hypoglycemic episodes

1 episode

≥2 episodes

1.21 95% CI: 1.11, 1.32 I² = 0% p < 0.0001

1.63 95% CI: 1.10, 1.43 I² = 84% p = 0.02