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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients under mild-to-moderate hyperglycemia

From: Plasma 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol is associated with peripheral nerve function and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and mild-to-moderate hyperglycemia

Variables

Total

Quartiles of plasma 1,5-AG

Test statistic

p for trend

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Plasma 1,5-AG (μmol/L) (range)

43.51 ± 26.99 (15.5–249.5)

21.12 ± 2.07 (15.5–24.5)

30.07 ± 3.37 (24.6–36.7)

44.51 ± 4.64 (36.8–53.2)

78.15 ± 31.77 (53.3–249.5)

–

–

ln1,5-AG

3.64 ± 0.50

3.05 ± 0.10

3.38 ± 0.11

3.79 ± 0.11

4.30 ± 0.30

–

–

n

574

142

143

146

143

–

–

Age (year)

56.7 ± 9.7

56.1 ± 10.7

55.2 ± 9.5

56.3 ± 9.3

59.0 ± 9.0

4.200a

0.006

Female, n (%)

276 (48.1)

62 (43.7)

71 (49.7)

77 (52.7)

66 (46.2)

0.320c

0.572

BMI (kg/m2)

25.91 ± 2.94

25.80 ± 3.10

25.95 ± 2.95

25.22 ± 2.46

26.66 ± 3.07

6.025a

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

135.3 ± 18.3

138.0 ± 19.1

134.2 ± 19.0

135.5 ± 18.5

133.5 ± 16.4

1.684a

0.169

DBP (mmHg)

79.2 ± 10.8

78.0 ± 11.6

77.9 ± 9.9

79.8 ± 11.4

81.1 ± 10.0

2.938a

0.033

Diabetes duration (year)

5.4 (2.7–8.2)

7.1 (4.0–9.3)

5.6 (2.6–8.7)

5.2 (2.7–8.0)

3.8 (2.1–6.4)

5.948b

< 0.001

Glucose-lowering therapies

 Lifestyle alone, n (%)

70 (12.2)

22 (15.5)

19 (13.3)

12 (8.2)

17 (11.9)

1.688c

0.194

 Insulin treatments, n (%)

236 (41.1)

60 (42.3)

52 (36.4)

71 (48.6)

53 (37.1)

0.029c

0.865

 Insulin-secretagogues, n (%)

261 (45.5)

53 (37.3)

64 (44.8)

74 (50.7)

70 (49.0)

4.790c

0.029

 Metformin, n (%)

289 (50.2)

63 (44.4)

75 (52.4)

72 (49.3)

79 (55.2)

2.466c

0.116

 Pioglitazone, n (%)

238 (41.5)

45 (31.7)

65 (45.5)

69 (47.3)

59 (41.3)

2.729c

0.099

 AGIs, n (%)

170 (29.6)

42 (29.6)

45 (31.5)

49 (33.6)

34 (23.8)

0.796c

0.372

 DPP-4Is, n (%)

244 (42.5)

49 (34.5)

63 (44.1)

62 (42.5)

70 (49.0)

5.058c

0.025

 GLP-1RAs, n (%)

91 (15.9)

21 (14.8)

23 (16.1)

19 (13.0)

28 (19.6)

0.675c

0.411

Smoking, n (%)

185 (32.2)

56 (39.4)

52 (36.4)

40 (27.4)

37 (25.9)

8.058c

0.005

Hypertension, n (%)

245 (42.7)

69 (48.6)

66 (42.6)

53 (36.3)

57 (39.9)

3.801c

0.051

Statins treatments, n (%)

217 (37.8)

62 (43.7)

52 (36.4)

52 (35.6)

51 (35.7)

1.850c

0.174

TG (mmol/L)

1.71 (1.11–2.87)

1.68 (1.18–2.84)

1.60 (1.04–2.83)

1.57 (1.07–2.54)

1.98 (1.24–3.33)

− 1.505b

0.132

TC (mmol/L)

4.47 ± 1.13

4.56 ± 1.27

4.61 ± 0.98

4.80 ± 1.18

4.71 ± 1.07

1.265a

0.286

HDLC (mmol/L)

1.06 ± 0.40

1.08 ± 0.28

1.07 ± 0.29

1.11 ± 0.64

0.99 ± 0.23

2.172a

0.090

LDLC (mmol/L)

2.54 ± 0.79

2.41 ± 0.76

2.52 ± 0.81

2.65 ± 0.84

2.57 ± 0.75

2.258a

0.081

UA (μmol/L)

290 ± 104

326 ± 122

285 ± 101

279 ± 95

269 ± 87

8.568a

< 0.001

HOMA-IR

2.72 (2.29–3.28)

2.91 (2.35–3.54)

2.74 (2.28–3.51)

2.52 (2.18–3.12)

2.79 (2.29–3.29)

2.286b

0.022

HbA1c (%)

6.68 ± 0.63

7.08 ± 0.52

6.77 ± 0.55

6.68 ± 0.55

6.18 ± 0.46

69.62a

< 0.001

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

101.7 ± 17.1

90.9 ± 15.0

100.7 ± 15.4

105.4 ± 15.2

109.5 ± 17.2

36.73a

< 0.001

UACR (mg/g)

16.0 (11.0–33.3)

22.0 (13.0–54.0)

16.0 (12.0–30.0)

16.0 (10.0–30.5)

13.0 (9.0–26.0)

5.071b

< 0.001

Composite Z-score of latency

0 ± 0.78

0.29 ± 0.86

0.046 ± 0.69

− 0.060 ± 0.79

− 0.29 ± 0.65

14.50a

< 0.001

Composite Z-score of amplitude

0 ± 0.69

− 0.30 ± 0.70

− 0.038 ± 0.65

0.094 ± 0.71

0.24 ± 0.57

16.78a

< 0.001

Composite Z-score of NCV

0 ± 0.80

− 0.38 ± 0.90

− 0.055 ± 0.72

0.058 ± 0.76

0.37 ± 0.64

23.59a

< 0.001

DPN, n (%)

137 (23.9)

52 (36.6)

35 (24.5)

31 (21.2)

19 (13.3)

20.99c

< 0.001

  1. aLinear polynomial contrasts of ANOVA; bJonckheere-Terpstra test; and cLinear-by-linear association of chi-squared test were preformed to detect the trends of corresponding data type in four subgroups