Variables | Total | Quartiles of plasma 1,5-AG | Test statistic | p for trend | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||||
Plasma 1,5-AG (μmol/L) (range) | 43.51 ± 26.99 (15.5–249.5) | 21.12 ± 2.07 (15.5–24.5) | 30.07 ± 3.37 (24.6–36.7) | 44.51 ± 4.64 (36.8–53.2) | 78.15 ± 31.77 (53.3–249.5) | – | – |
ln1,5-AG | 3.64 ± 0.50 | 3.05 ± 0.10 | 3.38 ± 0.11 | 3.79 ± 0.11 | 4.30 ± 0.30 | – | – |
n | 574 | 142 | 143 | 146 | 143 | – | – |
Age (year) | 56.7 ± 9.7 | 56.1 ± 10.7 | 55.2 ± 9.5 | 56.3 ± 9.3 | 59.0 ± 9.0 | 4.200a | 0.006 |
Female, n (%) | 276 (48.1) | 62 (43.7) | 71 (49.7) | 77 (52.7) | 66 (46.2) | 0.320c | 0.572 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.91 ± 2.94 | 25.80 ± 3.10 | 25.95 ± 2.95 | 25.22 ± 2.46 | 26.66 ± 3.07 | 6.025a | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 135.3 ± 18.3 | 138.0 ± 19.1 | 134.2 ± 19.0 | 135.5 ± 18.5 | 133.5 ± 16.4 | 1.684a | 0.169 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.2 ± 10.8 | 78.0 ± 11.6 | 77.9 ± 9.9 | 79.8 ± 11.4 | 81.1 ± 10.0 | 2.938a | 0.033 |
Diabetes duration (year) | 5.4 (2.7–8.2) | 7.1 (4.0–9.3) | 5.6 (2.6–8.7) | 5.2 (2.7–8.0) | 3.8 (2.1–6.4) | 5.948b | < 0.001 |
Glucose-lowering therapies | |||||||
 Lifestyle alone, n (%) | 70 (12.2) | 22 (15.5) | 19 (13.3) | 12 (8.2) | 17 (11.9) | 1.688c | 0.194 |
 Insulin treatments, n (%) | 236 (41.1) | 60 (42.3) | 52 (36.4) | 71 (48.6) | 53 (37.1) | 0.029c | 0.865 |
 Insulin-secretagogues, n (%) | 261 (45.5) | 53 (37.3) | 64 (44.8) | 74 (50.7) | 70 (49.0) | 4.790c | 0.029 |
 Metformin, n (%) | 289 (50.2) | 63 (44.4) | 75 (52.4) | 72 (49.3) | 79 (55.2) | 2.466c | 0.116 |
 Pioglitazone, n (%) | 238 (41.5) | 45 (31.7) | 65 (45.5) | 69 (47.3) | 59 (41.3) | 2.729c | 0.099 |
 AGIs, n (%) | 170 (29.6) | 42 (29.6) | 45 (31.5) | 49 (33.6) | 34 (23.8) | 0.796c | 0.372 |
 DPP-4Is, n (%) | 244 (42.5) | 49 (34.5) | 63 (44.1) | 62 (42.5) | 70 (49.0) | 5.058c | 0.025 |
 GLP-1RAs, n (%) | 91 (15.9) | 21 (14.8) | 23 (16.1) | 19 (13.0) | 28 (19.6) | 0.675c | 0.411 |
Smoking, n (%) | 185 (32.2) | 56 (39.4) | 52 (36.4) | 40 (27.4) | 37 (25.9) | 8.058c | 0.005 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 245 (42.7) | 69 (48.6) | 66 (42.6) | 53 (36.3) | 57 (39.9) | 3.801c | 0.051 |
Statins treatments, n (%) | 217 (37.8) | 62 (43.7) | 52 (36.4) | 52 (35.6) | 51 (35.7) | 1.850c | 0.174 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.71 (1.11–2.87) | 1.68 (1.18–2.84) | 1.60 (1.04–2.83) | 1.57 (1.07–2.54) | 1.98 (1.24–3.33) | − 1.505b | 0.132 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.47 ± 1.13 | 4.56 ± 1.27 | 4.61 ± 0.98 | 4.80 ± 1.18 | 4.71 ± 1.07 | 1.265a | 0.286 |
HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.06 ± 0.40 | 1.08 ± 0.28 | 1.07 ± 0.29 | 1.11 ± 0.64 | 0.99 ± 0.23 | 2.172a | 0.090 |
LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.54 ± 0.79 | 2.41 ± 0.76 | 2.52 ± 0.81 | 2.65 ± 0.84 | 2.57 ± 0.75 | 2.258a | 0.081 |
UA (μmol/L) | 290 ± 104 | 326 ± 122 | 285 ± 101 | 279 ± 95 | 269 ± 87 | 8.568a | < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 2.72 (2.29–3.28) | 2.91 (2.35–3.54) | 2.74 (2.28–3.51) | 2.52 (2.18–3.12) | 2.79 (2.29–3.29) | 2.286b | 0.022 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.68 ± 0.63 | 7.08 ± 0.52 | 6.77 ± 0.55 | 6.68 ± 0.55 | 6.18 ± 0.46 | 69.62a | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 101.7 ± 17.1 | 90.9 ± 15.0 | 100.7 ± 15.4 | 105.4 ± 15.2 | 109.5 ± 17.2 | 36.73a | < 0.001 |
UACR (mg/g) | 16.0 (11.0–33.3) | 22.0 (13.0–54.0) | 16.0 (12.0–30.0) | 16.0 (10.0–30.5) | 13.0 (9.0–26.0) | 5.071b | < 0.001 |
Composite Z-score of latency | 0 ± 0.78 | 0.29 ± 0.86 | 0.046 ± 0.69 | − 0.060 ± 0.79 | − 0.29 ± 0.65 | 14.50a | < 0.001 |
Composite Z-score of amplitude | 0 ± 0.69 | − 0.30 ± 0.70 | − 0.038 ± 0.65 | 0.094 ± 0.71 | 0.24 ± 0.57 | 16.78a | < 0.001 |
Composite Z-score of NCV | 0 ± 0.80 | − 0.38 ± 0.90 | − 0.055 ± 0.72 | 0.058 ± 0.76 | 0.37 ± 0.64 | 23.59a | < 0.001 |
DPN, n (%) | 137 (23.9) | 52 (36.6) | 35 (24.5) | 31 (21.2) | 19 (13.3) | 20.99c | < 0.001 |