Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the total patients and subgroups based on the sedentary time
From: Sedentary lifestyle and body composition in type 2 diabetes
Variables | Total | Sedentary time | F/x2 value | p for trend | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LST (< 4 h) | MST (4–8 h) | HST (> 8 h) | ||||
n | 402 | 109(27.1) | 129(32.1) | 164(40.8) |  – |   – |
Female, n(%) | 173(43.0) | 44(40.0) | 58(45.4) | 71(42.7) | 0.170 | 0.680 |
Age(year) | 55.20 ± 10.45 | 53.06 ± 9.11 | 55.21 ± 10.96 | 56.60 ± 10.71 | 7.611 | 0.006 |
BMI(kg/m2) | 25.4 ± 3.7 | 25.2 ± 3.2 | 26.5 ± 3.6 | 24.8 ± 4.1 | 0.900 | 0.343 |
WC(cm) | 90.5 ± 10.2 | 89.4 ± 8.4 | 93.2 ± 10.6 | 89.1 ± 10.5 | 0.053 | 0.891 |
SBP(mmHg) | 133.0 ± 14.4 | 132.7 ± 14.2 | 134.7 ± 14.5 | 131.7 ± 14.3 | 0.287 | 0.593 |
DBP(mmHg) | 81.6 ± 9.2 | 82.8 ± 8.7 | 82.7 ± 9.0 | 79.8 ± 9.4 | 6.873 | 0.009 |
Diabetes duration(year) | 7.48 ± 5.70 | 5.26 ± 4.20 | 6.86 ± 5.41 | 9.44 ± 6.14 | 38.72 |  < 0.001 |
Glucose-lowering therapies | ||||||
 Lifestyle alone, n(%) | 33(8.2) | 9(8.3) | 16 (12.4) | 8(4.9) | 1.517 | 0.218 |
 Insulin treatments, n(%) | 183(45.5) | 47(43.1) | 50(38.8) | 86(52.4) | 2.954 | 0.086 |
 Insulin-secretagogues, n(%) | 98(24.4) | 26(23.9) | 33(25.6) | 39(23.8) | 0.003 | 0.954 |
 Metformin, n(%) | 175(43.5) | 45(41.3) | 63(48.8) | 67(40.9) | 0.058 | 0.810 |
 Pioglitazone, n(%) | 64(15.9) | 18(16.5) | 17(13.2) | 5(17.7) | 0.141 | 0.707 |
 AGIs, n(%) | 96(23.9) | 16(14.7) | 35(27.1) | 45(27.4) | 5.203 | 0.023 |
 DPP-4Is, n(%) | 53(13.2) | 12(11.0) | 17(13.2) | 24(14.6) | 0.74 | 0.390 |
 SGLT-2Is, n(%) | 97(15.2) | 23(21.1) | 29(22.5) | 45(27.4) | 5.199 | 0.023 |
 GLP-1RAs, n(%) | 46(11.4) | 8(7.3) | 10(7.8) | 28(17.1) | 6.966 | 0.008 |
Hypertension, n(%) | 179(44.5) | 44(40.4) | 74(57.4) | 61(37.2) | 0.853 | 0.356 |
Smoking, n(%) | 142(35.3) | 25(22.9) | 35(27.1) | 82(50.0) | 23.22 |  < 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption, n(%) | 226(56.2) | 44(40.4) | 50(38.8) | 132(80.5) | 49.74 |  < 0.001 |
Seafood, n(%) | 141(35.2) | 49(45.0) | 50(38.8) | 42(25.8) | 11.16 | 0.001 |
Milk, n(%) | 149(37.1) | 54(49.5) | 46(35.7) | 49(29.9) | 10.38 | 0.001 |
Soft drink, n(%) | 304(75.6) | 68(62.4) | 91(70.5) | 145(88.4) | 25.55 |  < 0.001 |
Tea or coffee, n(%) | 209(52.3) | 38(35.2) | 51(39.5) | 120(73.6) | 43.06 |  < 0.001 |
TG(mmol/L) | 2.51 ± 1.88 | 2.49 ± 1.65 | 2.99 ± 2.13 | 2.14 ± 1.73 | 2.436 | 0.119 |
TC(mmol/L) | 4.36 ± 0.97 | 4.20 ± 0.97 | 4.42 ± 0.83 | 4.41 ± 1.05 | 3.191 | 0.075 |
HDLC(mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.30 | 1.17 ± 0.28 | 1.12 ± 0.30 | 1.17 ± 0.30 | 0.016 | 0.900 |
LDLC(mmol/L) | 2.82 ± 0.85 | 2.89 ± 0.83 | 2.74 ± 0.81 | 2.84 ± 0.89 | 0.206 | 0.650 |
N-MID(ng/mL) | 11.7 ± 3.8 | 12.43 ± 4.03 | 11.78 ± 3.50 | 11.16 ± 3.83 | 7.372 | 0.007 |
β-CTX(ng/mL) | 0.46 ± 0.20 | 0.43 ± 0.20 | 0.43 ± 0.18 | 0.49 ± 0.21 | 5.538 | 0.019 |
TP1NP(ng/mL) | 40.22 ± 12.33 | 38.21 ± 11.59 | 39.34 ± 11.40 | 42.24 ± 13.24 | 7.058 | 0.008 |
25(OH)D(ng/mL) | 17.5 ± 6.5 | 18.83 ± 6.11 | 18.12 ± 6.95 | 16.12 ± 6.11 | 11.76 | 0.001 |
PTH(pg/mL) | 40.70 ± 16.91 | 35.86 ± 13.45 | 41.81 ± 20.10 | 43.03 ± 15.64 | 12.10 | 0.001 |
HbA1c(%) | 9.04 ± 1.76 | 8.53 ± 1.68 | 8.89 ± 1.52 | 9.50 ± 1.87 | 21.00 |  < 0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 3.29 ± 3.52 | 3.22 ± 4.63 | 3.55 ± 3.05 | 3.12 ± 2.99 | 0.047 | 0.828 |
lnHOMA-IR | 0.81 ± 1.01 | 0.69 ± 1.08 | 0.91 ± 1.00 | 0.82 ± 0.96 | 0.952 | 0.330 |
B-FAT(%) | 30.76 ± 6.89 | 29.04 ± 6.75 | 31.48 ± 6.13 | 31.33 ± 7.38 | 7.357 | 0.007 |
T-FAT (%) | 33.28 ± 7.27 | 31.29 ± 7.15 | 34.54 ± 6.37 | 33.63 ± 7.76 | 6.949 | 0.009 |
ASMI(kg/m2) | 7.09 ± 1.16 | 7.38 ± 1.18 | 7.36 ± 1.07 | 6.68 ± 1.11 | 25.81 |  < 0.001 |
LS-BMD(g/cm2) | 0.97 ± 0.16 | 1.05 ± 0.15 | 0.99 ± 0.16 | 0.90 ± 0.14 | 66.35 |  < 0.001 |
FN-BMD(g/cm2) | 0.78 ± 0.12 | 0.84 ± 0.10 | 0.79 ± 0.12 | 0.72 ± 0.11 | 86.43 |  < 0.001 |
H-BMD(g/cm2) | 0.90 ± 0.12 | 0.97 ± 0.11 | 0.91 ± 0.17 | 0.85 ± 0.11 | 71.65 |  < 0.001 |
T-BMD(g/cm2) | 1.10 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.10 | 1.12 ± 0.11 | 1.06 ± 0.11 | 70.39 |  < 0.001 |