The effectiveness of an intervention designed based on health action process approach on diet and medication adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial

Table 4 Diet adherence and HAPA constructs among patients with type 2 diabetes before and after the intervention

Variable	Group	Baseline mean ± SD	1-month follow-up mean ± SD	6-month follow-up mean ± SD	p value^a
Diet adherence	Intervention	16 ± 9.4	61.8 ± 10.2	75.7 ± 7.8	p < 0.001
Diet adherence	Control	16.3 ± 9.8	17.5 ± 9.4	17.8 ± 9.6	p < 0.001
Intention	Intervention	53.6 ± 10.4	71.7 ± 7.9	87.3 ± 6.8	p < 0.001
Intention	Control	51.1 ± 6.2	53.4 ± 6.2	53.4 ± 6.4	p < 0.001
Task self-efficacy	Intervention	7.2 ± 12.3	40.1 ± 13.9	56.8 ± 12.9	p < 0.001
Task self-efficacy	Control	6.8 ± 8.7	7.3 ± 8.5	7.1 ± 8.3	p < 0.001
Coping self-efficacy	Intervention	6.5 ± 13	37.3 ± 12.8	55.8 ± 13.4	p < 0.001
Coping self-efficacy	Control	5.3 ± 8.5	6 ± 8.4	6.1 ± 8.6	p < 0.001
Recovery self-efficacy	Intervention	3.4 ± 11.4	32.3 ± 12.7	51.1 ± 15.1	p < 0.001
Recovery self-efficacy	Control	2 ± 6.7	2 ± 6.7	1.9 ± 6.6	p < 0.001
Action planning	Intervention	6.8 ± 13.3	44 ± 14.2	62.4 ± 17.5	p < 0.001
Action planning	Control	6.5 ± 9.3	7.6 ± 8.9	8.4 ± 9.6	p < 0.001
Coping planning	Intervention	6.7 ± 11.5	47.4 ± 11.9	66.1 ± 12.5	p < 0.001
Coping planning	Control	6.6 ± 7.7	9.3 ± 6.9	9.9 ± 7.2	p < 0.001
Barriers to diet adherence	Intervention	79.2 ± 11.8	63.3 ± 12.1	52.1 ± 12.3	p < 0.001
Barriers to diet adherence	Control	74.3 ± 12.7	77.5 ± 11.6	78.6 ± 10.9	p < 0.001
Benefits of diet adherence	Intervention	54.6 ± 18.4	70.9 ± 14.8	81.2 ± 12.9	p < 0.001
Benefits of diet adherence	Control	57 ± 16.1	57.7 ± 16	56 ± 15.6	p < 0.001

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