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Table 2 Clinical, demographic and laboratory data stratified by the presence of overweight/obesity

From: Overweight/obesity in adolescents with type 1 diabetes belonging to an admixed population. A Brazilian multicenter study

 

Overweight/obesity

 

No

Yes

*p-value

N (%)

272 (74.1)

95 (25.9)

 

Demographic data

 Gender, female n (%)

127(46.7)

57 (60.0)

0.03

 Age, y

16.3 ± 1.9

16.9 ± 1.8

0.005

 Diabetes duration, y

7.8 ± 4.2

8.9 ± 4.4

0.04

 Age at diagnosis, y

8.8 ± 3.9

8.3 ± 4.2

0.3

 Time of follow up, y

5.0[6.0]

5.0 [5.7]

0.7

 Level of care, tertiary n (%)

137(50.4)

63(66.3)

0.008

 Health insurance(public and private), yes n(%)

80 (29.4)

24(25.3)

0.5

 Years of study, y

10.9 ± 2.5

10.8 ± 2.3

0.8

 Smoker, yes n(%)

9(3.3)

8(8.4)

0.05

Ethnicity, y (%)†

   

 Caucasians

127 (46.7)

49 (51.6)

0.4

Geographic region, n (%)

  

 < 0.001

 Southeast

98 (36.0)

56 (58.9)

 

 South

17(6.3)

6(6.3)

 

 North/Northeast

106(39.0)

28(29.5)

 

 Mid-west

51(10.9)

5(5.3)

 

Economic status (%)

  

0.5

 High

7(2.6)

1 (1.1)

 

 Medium

111(40.8)

40(42.1)

 

 Low

141(51.8)

52(54.7)

 

 Very low

13(4.8)

2(2.1)

 

Diabetes management and treatment

 HbA1c (%)

9.7 ± 2.5

9.5 ± 2.3

0.6

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

82.4 ± 26.9

80.9 ± 25.7

 

 HbA1c < 7.5% n (%)

48(17.7)

16(16.8)

0.6

 HbA1c (%) year before

 HbA1c (mmol/mol), year before

9.8 ± 2.7

84.4 ± 29.8

9.5 ± 2.7

80.7 ± 29.7

0.3

 Insulin dose (U/kg/day)

1.05 ± 0.4

0.95 ± 0.4

0.04

 Insulin dose, total (U/day)

58.26 ± 21.2

65.67 ± 25.2

0.01

 SMBG, yes n (%)

266(97.8)

91 (95.8)

0.3

 SMBG, n

3.7 ± 1.4

3.9 ± 1.3

0.18

 Adherence to diet, yes n(%)

124 (51.0)

37(44.6)

0.3

 Physical activity, yes n(%)††

175(64.3)

61(64.2)

0.9

 Number of clinical visits/year

3.8 ± 1.7

3.7 ± 1.7

0.95

Diabetes treatment, n(%) **

  

0.9

 NPH or NPH + regular

255 (93.8)

90(94.7)

 

Insulin analogs (long or short acting) or CSII

17 (6.2)

5 (5.2)

 

 Adherence to ITR, yes n(%)

23(13.7)

8(13.6)

0.9

Clinical data

   

 BMI, kg/m2

20,6 ± 2.2

26,7 ± 2.5

 < 0.001

 Waist circumference, cm

73.6 ± 6.8

87.5 ± 8.5

 < 0.001

 Systolic blood pressure

111.4 ± 11.4

118.0 ± 10.3

 < 0.001

 Diastolic blood pressure

68.5 ± 9.0

73.9 ± 8.4

 < 0.001

 Hypertension, yes n(%)

28 (10.3)

19 (20.2)

 < 0.001

 Acanthosis yes n(%)

3(1.1)

8(8.4)

 < 0.001

 Metabolic syndrome, yes n(%)

8(2.9)

30 (31.9)

 < 0.001

Laboratorial data

 Uric acid (mg/dL)

4.8 ± 1.4

4.8 ± 1.6

0.6

 Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)

182.4 ± 55.2

197.1 ± 57.2

0.03

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

85[58.0]

80.5 [65.7]

0.2

 High triglycerides, yes n(%)

40(15.2)

12(13)

0.7

 HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

54.4 ± 15.4

55.7 ± 18.9

0.7

 Low HDL-Cholesterol, yes n(%)

62(23.6)

26(28.3)

0.4

 LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

106.3 ± 41.8

120.2 ± 39.4

0.006

 LDL-cholesterol ≥ 100 mg/dl,n(%)

128(48.5)

57(64)

0.014

 Non-HDL-cholesterol(mg/dL)

127.9 ± 50.9

141.3 ± 51.3

0.03

 ALT, U/L

13 [8.0]

11[10.0]

0.45

 AST, U/L

16[11]

16[12.5]

0.4

 GGT, mg/dL

16[10]

18[12]

0.1

Medications

 Metformin, yes n(%)

10 (3.7)

25(26.3)

 < 0.001

 Anti-hypertensive drugs, yes n(%)

17(6.3)

15(16.0)

0.004

 Statins yes n(%)

10(3.7)

9(9.5)

0.03

Family history

   

 Overweight/obesity, yes n(%)

60(22.1)

20(21.1)

0.8

 Type 2 diabetes, yes n(%)

30(11.0)

13(13.7)

0.4

 Hypertension

98(36.6)

49(53.3)

0.007

 Coronary disease

13(4.9)

6(6.5)

0.5

Diabetes-related chronic complications

 Retinopathy, yes n (%)

19(7.1)

9 (9.7)

0.5

 CKD, yes n (%)

33(16.8)

13(16.7)

0.9

 GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 ***

115.9 ± 32.6

106.8 ± 23.4

0.01

 Albuminuria, mg/dL

8.8[13.11]

7.5[16.76]

0.4

  1. The data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD or median [IQR, interquartile range];
  2. †African-Brazilians, Mulattos, Asians, Native Amerindians were considered as non-Caucasians; * p < 0.05 was considered significant. ** For this analysis we considered patients using exclusively insulin provided by the government, free of charge (NPH or Regular) and those using only insulin analogs (long/short acting or CSII), CSII  continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, ITR insulin therapeutic regimens, ††Physical activity, at least 3/ times per week. ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, *** glomerular filtration rate