Overweight/obesity | |||
---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | *p-value | |
N (%) | 272 (74.1) | 95 (25.9) | |
Demographic data | |||
Gender, female n (%) | 127(46.7) | 57 (60.0) | 0.03 |
Age, y | 16.3 ± 1.9 | 16.9 ± 1.8 | 0.005 |
Diabetes duration, y | 7.8 ± 4.2 | 8.9 ± 4.4 | 0.04 |
Age at diagnosis, y | 8.8 ± 3.9 | 8.3 ± 4.2 | 0.3 |
Time of follow up, y | 5.0[6.0] | 5.0 [5.7] | 0.7 |
Level of care, tertiary n (%) | 137(50.4) | 63(66.3) | 0.008 |
Health insurance(public and private), yes n(%) | 80 (29.4) | 24(25.3) | 0.5 |
Years of study, y | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 10.8 ± 2.3 | 0.8 |
Smoker, yes n(%) | 9(3.3) | 8(8.4) | 0.05 |
Ethnicity, y (%)† | |||
Caucasians | 127 (46.7) | 49 (51.6) | 0.4 |
Geographic region, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||
Southeast | 98 (36.0) | 56 (58.9) | |
South | 17(6.3) | 6(6.3) | |
North/Northeast | 106(39.0) | 28(29.5) | |
Mid-west | 51(10.9) | 5(5.3) | |
Economic status (%) | 0.5 | ||
High | 7(2.6) | 1 (1.1) | |
Medium | 111(40.8) | 40(42.1) | |
Low | 141(51.8) | 52(54.7) | |
Very low | 13(4.8) | 2(2.1) | |
Diabetes management and treatment | |||
HbA1c (%) | 9.7 ± 2.5 | 9.5 ± 2.3 | 0.6 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 82.4 ± 26.9 | 80.9 ± 25.7 | |
HbA1c < 7.5% n (%) | 48(17.7) | 16(16.8) | 0.6 |
HbA1c (%) year before HbA1c (mmol/mol), year before | 9.8 ± 2.7 84.4 ± 29.8 | 9.5 ± 2.7 80.7 ± 29.7 | 0.3 |
Insulin dose (U/kg/day) | 1.05 ± 0.4 | 0.95 ± 0.4 | 0.04 |
Insulin dose, total (U/day) | 58.26 ± 21.2 | 65.67 ± 25.2 | 0.01 |
SMBG, yes n (%) | 266(97.8) | 91 (95.8) | 0.3 |
SMBG, n | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 0.18 |
Adherence to diet, yes n(%) | 124 (51.0) | 37(44.6) | 0.3 |
Physical activity, yes n(%)†† | 175(64.3) | 61(64.2) | 0.9 |
Number of clinical visits/year | 3.8 ± 1.7 | 3.7 ± 1.7 | 0.95 |
Diabetes treatment, n(%) ** | 0.9 | ||
NPH or NPH + regular | 255 (93.8) | 90(94.7) | |
Insulin analogs (long or short acting) or CSII | 17 (6.2) | 5 (5.2) | |
Adherence to ITR, yes n(%) | 23(13.7) | 8(13.6) | 0.9 |
Clinical data | |||
BMI, kg/m2 | 20,6 ± 2.2 | 26,7 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 73.6 ± 6.8 | 87.5 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure | 111.4 ± 11.4 | 118.0 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 68.5 ± 9.0 | 73.9 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, yes n(%) | 28 (10.3) | 19 (20.2) | < 0.001 |
Acanthosis yes n(%) | 3(1.1) | 8(8.4) | < 0.001 |
Metabolic syndrome, yes n(%) | 8(2.9) | 30 (31.9) | < 0.001 |
Laboratorial data | |||
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 4.8 ± 1.6 | 0.6 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 182.4 ± 55.2 | 197.1 ± 57.2 | 0.03 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 85[58.0] | 80.5 [65.7] | 0.2 |
High triglycerides, yes n(%) | 40(15.2) | 12(13) | 0.7 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.4 ± 15.4 | 55.7 ± 18.9 | 0.7 |
Low HDL-Cholesterol, yes n(%) | 62(23.6) | 26(28.3) | 0.4 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 106.3 ± 41.8 | 120.2 ± 39.4 | 0.006 |
LDL-cholesterol ≥ 100 mg/dl,n(%) | 128(48.5) | 57(64) | 0.014 |
Non-HDL-cholesterol(mg/dL) | 127.9 ± 50.9 | 141.3 ± 51.3 | 0.03 |
ALT, U/L | 13 [8.0] | 11[10.0] | 0.45 |
AST, U/L | 16[11] | 16[12.5] | 0.4 |
GGT, mg/dL | 16[10] | 18[12] | 0.1 |
Medications | |||
Metformin, yes n(%) | 10 (3.7) | 25(26.3) | < 0.001 |
Anti-hypertensive drugs, yes n(%) | 17(6.3) | 15(16.0) | 0.004 |
Statins yes n(%) | 10(3.7) | 9(9.5) | 0.03 |
Family history | |||
Overweight/obesity, yes n(%) | 60(22.1) | 20(21.1) | 0.8 |
Type 2 diabetes, yes n(%) | 30(11.0) | 13(13.7) | 0.4 |
Hypertension | 98(36.6) | 49(53.3) | 0.007 |
Coronary disease | 13(4.9) | 6(6.5) | 0.5 |
Diabetes-related chronic complications | |||
Retinopathy, yes n (%) | 19(7.1) | 9 (9.7) | 0.5 |
CKD, yes n (%) | 33(16.8) | 13(16.7) | 0.9 |
GFR, mL/min/1.73m2 *** | 115.9 ± 32.6 | 106.8 ± 23.4 | 0.01 |
Albuminuria, mg/dL | 8.8[13.11] | 7.5[16.76] | 0.4 |