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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the total patients and subgroups based on the tertiles of PSQI scores

From: Association of sleep quality with glycemic variability assessed by flash glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes

Variables

Total

Tertiles of PSOI scores

F/x2 value

p for trend

T1

T2

T3

n

111

25

41

45

–

–

PSOI scores (range)

6.9 ± 2.9 (1–16)

3.5 ± 0.8 (1–4)

5.8 ± 0.8 (5–7)

9.9 ± 2.0 (8–16)

–

–

Age (year)

50.1 ± 11.1

49.4 ± 9.8

49.4 ± 9.6

51.0 ± 10.7

0.315

0.730

Female, n (%)

40 (36.0)

11 (44.0)

13 (31.7)

16 (35.6)

0.315

0.574

BMI (kg/m2)

25.3 ± 3.3

26.0 ± 3.2

24.5 ± 2.9

25.6 ± 3.6

1.835

0.165

WC (cm)

89.9 ± 10.5

91.9 ± 8.5

87.8 ± 10.6

90.8 ± 11.2

1.453

0.238

SBP (mmHg)

127.6 ± 14.4

124.6 ± 15.3

130.1 ± 15.3

126.9 ± 13.1

1.193

0.307

DBP (mmHg)

79.8 ± 9.3

79.4 ± 10.7

79.9 ± 9.6

80.0 ± 8.5

0.043

0.958

Diabetes duration (year)

1.73 ± 1.02

1.56 ± 0.87

1.80 ± 1.03

1.76 ± 1.09

0.470

0.627

Glucose-lowering therapies

   Lifestyle alone, n (%)

10 (9.0)

1 (4.0)

3 (7.3)

6 (13.3)

1.862

0.172

   Insulin treatments, n (%)

29 (26.1)

4 (16.0)

10 (24.4)

15 (33.3)

2.579

0.108

   Insulin-secretagogues, n (%)

17 (15.3)

4 (16.0)

6 (14.6)

7 (15.6)

0.001

0.983

   Metformin, n (%)

75 (67.6)

21 (84.0)

28 (68.3)

26 (57.8)

4.937

0.026

   Pioglitazone, n (%)

12 (10.8)

3 (12.0)

4 (9.8)

5 (11.1)

0.004

0.949

   AGIs, n (%)

6 (5.4)

3 (12.0)

2 (4.9)

1 (2.2)

2.771

0.096

   DPP-4Is, n (%)

3 (2.7)

1 (4.4)

1 (2.4)

1 (2.2)

0.166

0.684

   SGLT-2Is, n (%)

15 (13.5)

5 (20.0)

4 (9.8)

6 (13.3)

0.370

0.543

Hypertension, n (%)

45 (40.5)

8 (32.0)

16 (39.0)

21 (46.7)

1.482

0.224

TG (mmol/L)

2.57 ± 2.53

3.52 ± 4.19

2.40 ± 1.74

2.13 ± 1.43

1.997

0.143

TC (mmol/L)

4.57 ± 1.04

5.09 ± 1.01

4.37 ± 1.06

4.42 ± 0.95

4.529

0.034

HDLC (mmol/L)

1.14 ± 0.28

1.11 ± 0.25

1.11 ± 0.31

1.19 ± 0.27

0.697

0.501

LDLC (mmol/L)

2.96 ± 0.93

3.31 ± 0.86

2.79 ± 0.89

2.89 ± 0.97

2.048

0.136

UA (μmol/L)

332.1 ± 92.0

336.3 ± 91.3

327.6 ± 113.7

333.4 ± 74.1

0.055

0.947

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

164.7 ± 32.9

174.8 ± 35.1

161.5 ± 29.0

161.5 ± 34.2

1.241

0.295

AUCglu (mmol/L·h)

42.9 ± 8.9

44.0 ± 7.1

41.9 ± 8.9

43.3 ± 10.1

0.401

0.671

AUCcp (ng/mL·h)

13.8 ± 4.4

14.1 ± 4.1

13.5 ± 4.8

13.9 ± 4.2

0.159

0.853

AUCgluca (pg/mL·h)

464.4 ± 185.3

481.7 ± 240.0

430.7 ± 144.1

485.1 ± 180.9

0.888

0.415

HbA1c (%)

7.73 ± 1.54

7.35 ± 1.29

7.75 ± 1.58

7.92 ± 1.63

1.087

0.341

SD (mmol/L)

2.62 ± 0.79

2.32 ± 0.63

2.67 ± 0.73

2.73 ± 0.88

4.010

0.048

CV (%)

34.5 ± 6.9

31.3 ± 6.6

35.1 ± 6.2

35.7 ± 7.2

5.897

0.017

MAGE (mmol/L)

5.85 ± 1.25

5.24 ± 1.03

5.94 ± 1.15

6.09 ± 1.36

6.849

0.010

MODD (mmol/L)

2.13 ± 0.69

1.93 ± 0.56

2.14 ± 0.70

2.23 ± 0.74

2.923

0.090

TIR3.9–10 (%)

72.0 ± 12.4

78.1 ± 9.8

71.9 ± 12.0

68.6 ± 12.9

9.837

0.002

  1. Continuous data are expressed as mean  ±  standard deviation, and categorical data are expressed as frequency (percentage)
  2. ANOVA with a linear trend and chi-squared test with linear-by-linear association were applied to detect trends in continuous data and categorical data among tertiles of PSQI scores, respectively
  3. PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; BMI body mass index; WC waist circumference; SBP/DBP systolic/diastolic blood pressure; AGIs α-glucosidase inhibitors; DPP-4Is dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; SGLT-2Is sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors; TG triglycerides; TC total cholesterol; HDLC high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA uric acid; HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; AUCglu area under the glucose curve; AUCgluca area under the glucagon curve; AUCcp area under the C-peptide curve; SD standard deviation of glucose; CV coefficient of variation of glucose; MAGE mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; MODD mean of daily differences; TIR3.9–10 time in glucose range of 3.9–10 mmol/L
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome

ISSN: 1758-5996

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