Fig. 3

sVNS abrogates the beneficial effect of exercise in HFD-fed mice. Mice with or without sVNS were subjected to treadmill exercise during HFD feeding. After 4 weeks, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were utilized to evaluate glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, respectively, and the area under the curve (AUC) of IPGTT and ITT was calculated by the trapezoid method. Then blood samples and the spleen tissue were taken for analysis. A IPGTT curve and its AUC. B ITT curve and its AUC. C Acetylcholine level in the spleen. D ChAT activity in the spleen. E PKC activity in the spleen. F TNF-α level in the spleen. G TNF-α level in the system. Values are mean ± SD. n = 8 each group, * p < 0.05