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Table 1 General characteristics of the included studies

From: The prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author (et al.) , year

Country

Study design

Patients with T2DM (n)

Age (years)a

Sex ratio (M/F)

Duration of T2DM (years)a

Patients with sarcopenia (n)

Prevalence ofsarcopenia (%)

Diagnostic criterion

Definition of sarcopenia

Diagnostic modality

Ken 2021

Japan

The MUSCLES-DM longitudinal study

588

70.0 ± 8.9

346/242

NA

37

6.3

LSMI

AWGS

BIA

Kang 2021

Korea

The Korean frailty and aging cohort study (KFACS)

2403

76.0 ± 3.9

1134/1269

NA

353

14.7

LMM + LMS

AWGS/FISH

DEXA

Takahashi 2020

Japan

KAMOGAWA-DM Cohort Study (prospective cohort study)

351

66.6 ± 10.6

192/159

14.1 ± 10.0

58 (W: 22, M:46)

16.5

LMM + LMS

AWGS

BIA

Sung 2020

Korea

Observational longitudinal study

309

62.7 ± 10.5

215/94

NA

75

24.3

LSMI

EWGSOP

CT

Seo 2020

Korea

Cross-sectional study

4210

57.4 ± 10.8

2160/2050

7.8 ± 7.3

1240

29.5

LSMI

KNHANES

BIA

Pechmann 2020

Brazil

Cross-sectional study

177

65.6 ± 8.6

63/114

15.4 ± 8.2

23

12.9

LMM

FISH

DEXA

Nakanishi 2020

Japan

Cross-sectional study

1137

73.7 ± 6.3

661/476

17.2 ± 10.3

142 (W: 85, M: 57)

12.5

LMM + LMS

AWGS

DEXA

Mori 2020

Japan

Multi-institutional joint cross-sectional study

645

72.4 ± 7.9

390/255

16.6 ± 11.5

76 (W: 29, M: 47)

11.8

LSMI

AWGS

BIA

Beretta 2020

Brazil

Prospective cohort study

306

71.35 ± 6.45

NA

NA

144

47.1

LMM + LMS

EWGSOP

inextensible tape measure

Sazlina 2020

Malaysia

The MUSCLES-DM longitudinal study

506

67.6 ± 6.8

202/304

NA

144 (W: 75, M: 69)

28.5

LMM

AWGS

BIA

Jung 2020

Korea

Cross-sectional study

102

55. 9 ± 9.8

65/37

9 (2.4–5.3)

12 (W: 4, M: 8)

11.8

LMM

AWGS

BIA

Gorial 2020

Iraq

Case–control study

65

57.0 ± 7.7

23/42

7.2 ± 6.0

10

15.4

LMM + LMS

EWGSOP

DEXA

Mauren 2020

Brazil

Cross-sectional study

484

68.3 ± 5.6

224/260

14(8–22)

58 (EWGSOP1:41EWGSOP2:17)

12.0

LMM + LMS

EWGSOP1/2

BIA

Cui 2020

China

Cross-sectional study

132

73.5 (68–77.25)

59/73

14.0 (5.0–22.0)

38

28.8

LSMI + LMM

AWGS

DEXA

Chen 2020

China

Cross-sectional observational study

1732

NA

654/1078

NA

148 (W: 117, M: 31)

10.37

LMM + LMS

AWGS

BIA

Yanagita 2019

Japan

Retrospective cohort study

108

76.2 ± 67.3

47/61

14.3 ± 12.1

38 (W: 25, M: 13)

35.2

LMM + LMS

AWGS

BIA

Okamura 2019

Japan

KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study(prospective cohort study)

433

65.4 ± 11.1

236/197

10.3 ± 10.1

32 (W: 16, M: 16)

7.4

LSMI

AWGS

DEXA

Ken 2019

Japan

the MUSCLES-DM longitudinal study

746

69.9 ± 9.0

450/296

15.8 ± 11.6

52 (W: 20, M: 32)

7.0

LSMI

AWGS

BIA

Kaji 2019

Japan

The KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study

144

71.4 ± 6.7

82/62

15.2 ± 9.4

17 (W: 5, M: 12)

11.8

LSMI

AWGS

BIA

Noriko 2019

Japan

Cross-sectional study

138

75.0 ± 5.3

72/66

15.3 ± 10.8

17

12.3

LMM + LMS

AWGS

DEXA

Fung 2019

Singapore

Cross-sectional study

387

68.3 ± 5.7

206/181

NA

106 (W: 61, M: 45)

27.4

LMM + LMS

AWGS

BIA

Trierweiler 2018

Brazil

Cross-sectional study

83

65.84 ± 8.82

24/59

15.55 ± 8.67

13

15.7

LSMI

FISH

DEXA

Murai 2018

Japan

Cross-sectional study

183

64.7 ± 12.6

126/57

9 (3–21)

41 (W: 15, M: 26)

22.0

LMM

AWGS

BIA

Hashimoto 2018

Japan

A cross-sectional study of the KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study

146

72.6 ± 5.9

86/60

15.3 ± 9.3

21 (W: 5, M: 16)

14.4

LSMI

AWGS

BIA

Murata 2017

Japan

Cross-sectional study

288

73.3 ± 6.1

151/137

17.0 ± 10.0

44 (W: 21, M: 23)

15.3

LSMI

AWGS

BIA

Bouchi 2017

Japan

Cross-sectional study

238

64 ± 12

145/93

8 (3–14)

42

17.6

LMM + LMS

AWGS

DEXA

Wang 2016

China

Cross-sectional study

236

68.4 ± 7.9

116/120

9.31 ± 7.32

35 (W: 15, M: 20)

14.8

LSMI

AWGS

BIA

Tanaka 2015

Japan

Cross-sectional study

191

60.2 ± 12.5

191/0

9.8 ± 8.7

85 (W: 0, M: 85)

44.5

LSMI

EWGSOP

DEXA

  1. T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, NA not available, DEXA dual-energy X ray absorptiometry, BIA bioelectrical impedance analysis, CT computed tomography, LMM low muscle mass, LMS low muscle strength, LSMI low skeletal muscle mass index, AWGS The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, FISH The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, EWGSOP The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, KNHANES The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Study
  2. aData were shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or Median (IQR)