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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

From: Metabolic control and hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes: insulin pump therapy vs. intensified insulin therapy in an unselected cohort in routine care

Parameters

Participants

p-value*

All (n = 237)

CSII (n = 74)

ICT (n = 163)

Women n (%)

116 (48.9)

47 (63.5)

69 (42.3)

0.003

Age (years)

54.6 ± 16.2

51.1 ± 15.8

56.2 ± 16.2

0.023

Duration of diabetes (years)

25.9 ± 13.8

28.7 ± 12.4

24.6 ± 14.3

0.033

Duration of pump therapy (years)

14.1 ± 7.2

n/a

Body weight (kg)

81.1 ± 17.4

79.4 ± 17.6

81.9 ± 17.4

0.319

BMI (kg/m2)

27.8 ± 5.2

27.6 ± 4.8

27.9 ± 5.4

0.690

HbA1c, DCCT adjusted

 %

7.2 ± 0.9

7.1 ± 0.8

7.2 ± 1.0

0.353

 mmol/mol

55.3 ± 10.3

54.4 ± 9.1

55.7 ± 10.9

0.353

Insulin dosage

 Total (IU/day)

52.6 ± 34.9

44.6 ± 22.5

56.2 ± 38.8

0.004

 Total (IU/kg)

0.6 ± 0.3

0.6 ± 0.2

0.7 ± 0.4

0.004

 Basal (IU/day)

23.5 ± 16.9

21.9 ± 13.1

24.1 ± 18.4

0.289

 Basal (IU/kg)

0.3 ± 0.1

0.3 ± 0.1

0.3 ± 0.2

0.591

Number of insulin injections per day

5.1 ± 1.2

n/a

Type of short-acting insulin, n (%)

 Analogue

146 (61.6)

67 (90.5)

79 (48.5)

 < 0.001

 Human

91 (38.4)

7 (9.5)

84 (51.5)

Type of basal insulin, n (%)

 Analogue

88 (55.7)

n/a

 Human

70 (44.3) a

Number of people with, n (%)

 SMBG

148 (62.4)

37 (50.0)

111 (68.1)

0.009

 CGM/FGM

89 (37.6)

37 (50.0)

52 (31.9)

0.009

Impaired hypoglycaemia awareness, n (%)

57 (27.0)

21 (28.4)

36 (22.1)

0.623

Gold score (range 1–7)

2.5 ± 1.7

2.7 ± 1.9

2.5 ± 1.6

0.514

Frequency of non-severe hypoglycaemia per week

 In people with SMBG

1.4 ± 1.7

1.9 ± 1.7

1.2 ± 1.6

0.014

 In people with CGM/FGM

2.6 ± 2.2

3.3 ± 2.2

2.1 ± 2.0

0.006

Severe hypoglycaemia past 12 months

 Frequency

0.03 ± 0.18

0.03 ± 0.16

0.04 ± 0.19

0.701

 Number of events (people with an event)

8 (8)

2 (2)

6 (6)

1.000

Ketoacidosis past 12 months

 Frequency

0.01 ± 0.09

0

0.01 ± 0.11

0.341

 Number of events (people with an event)

2 (2)

0

2 (2)

1.000

Blood pressure

 Systolic (mmHg)

142.1 ± 17.0

138.0 ± 16.4

143.9 ± 17.1

0.014

 Diastolic (mmHg)

81.5 ± 11.9

81.2 ± 8.3

81.7 ± 13.2

0.711

 Pulse (bpm)

75.0 ± 13.1

75.4 ± 12.0

74.8 ± 13.6

0.741

Polyneuropathy, n (%)

76 (32.1)

14 (18.9)

62 (38.0)

0.004

Amputation minor/major, n (%)

2 (0.8)

1 (1.4)

1 (0.6)

0.428

Impaired kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min), n (%)

41 (17.4)

11 (14.9)

30 (18.4)

0.580

Albumin (mg/l)

52.5 ± 222.0

23.8 ± 45.6

65.7 ± 265.6

0.055

Nephropathy (albumin/g creatinine > 20 mg/g), n (%)

106 (44.7)

32 (43.2)

74 (45.4)

0.777

Dialysis, n (%)

3 (1.3)

1 (1.4)

2 (1.2)

1.000

Living alone, n (%)

44 (19.0)

11 (14.9)

33 (20.2)

0.479

Smoker, n (%)

41 (17.3)

12 (16.2)

29 (17.8)

0.854

Social status (range 3–21)

12.7 ± 4.0

13.5 ± 4.1

12.3 ± 3.9

0.067

DTSQs score (range 0–36)

26.2 ± 6.9

26.7 ± 7.3

26.0 ± 6.8

0.600

Wellbeing-5-Index (range 0–25)

17.0 ± 3.9

16.7 ± 4.0

17.2 ± 3.9

0.409

  1. BMI body mass index, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, DTSQs Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire status, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FGM flash glucose monitoring, ICT intensified insulin therapy, IU international units, SMBG self-monitoring of blood glucose
  2. * Between CSII and ICT
  3. Of 158 individuals (n = 5, no basal insulin)