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Table 1 Clinical characteristics, glucose and lipid indexes and pregnancy oitcomes of women with and without GDM history

From: Clinical characteristics, gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

 

Study group

Control group

P-value

(n = 441)

(n = 1637)

Age, years

34.8 ± 3.5

34.2 ± 3.6

0.002

Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2

23.3 ± 3.5

22.2 ± 3.4

< 0.001

Gravidity, %

2.9 ± 1.1

2.9 ± 1.0

0.5

Parity, %

2.0 ± 0.3

2.0 ± 0.2

0.001

Family history of diabetes, %

138 (31.3)

176 (10.8)

< 0.001

Histories of abnormal pregnancy, %

87 (19.7)

213 (13.0)

< 0.001

History of GH, %

21 (4.8)

34 (2.1)

0.002

History of PE, %

3 (0.7)

8 (0.5)

0.6

History of macrosomia, %

31 (7.0)

31 (1.9)

< 0.001

History of PCOS, %

10 (2.3)

6 (0.4)

< 0.001

Smoking, %

25 (5.7)

98 (6.0)

0.8

Education, %

 Undergraduate and above

336 (76.2)

1157 (70.7)

0.02

 Junior college and below

105 (23.8)

480 (29.3)

Glucose and lipid profiles in the first trimester, mmol/L

 TC

4.2 (3.8–4.8)

4.3 (3.8–4.8)

0.6

 TG

1.3 (0.9–1.7)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

< 0.001

 HDL-C

1.5 (1.2–1.7)

1.6 (1.4–1.9)

< 0.001

 LDL-C

2.2 (1.8–2.6)

2.1 (1.8–2.6)

0.1

 FPG

4.9 (4.7–5.3)

4.8 (4.5–5.0)

< 0.001

Glucose and lipid profiles in the second trimester, mmol/L

 TC

6.1 (5.4–6.7)

5.8 (5.0–6.5)

< 0.001

 TG

2.4 (1.9–3.0)

2.3 (1.8–2.9)

0.04

 HDL-C

1.8 (1.5–1.9)

1.9 (1.7–2.2)

< 0.001

 LDL-C

3.1 (2.6–3.7)

2.9 (2.4–3.5)

< 0.001

 OGTT fasting glucose

4.8 (4.5–5.1)

4.5 (4.3–4.8)

< 0.001

 OGTT 1-h glucose

9.1 (7.9–10.2)

7.5 (6.5–8.6)

< 0.001

 OGTT 2-h glucose

7.5 (6.6–8.5)

6.4 (5.6–7.3)

< 0.001

Glucose and lipid profiles in the third trimester, mmol/L

 TC

6.4 (5.7–7.2)

6.1 (5.3–7.0)

< 0.001

 TG

3.1 (2.5–3.8)

3.0 (2.4–3.7)

0.2

 HDL-C

1.7 (1.5–1.9)

1.8 (1.5–2.0)

0.001

 LDL-C

3.4 (2.7–4.0)

3.2 (2.5–3.8)

< 0.001

 FPG

4.6 (4.3–5.0)

4.4 (4.1–4.7)

< 0.001

 GWG before 16 weeks of gestation, kg

2.0 ± 2.5

2.4 ± 2.7

0.02

 GWG before OGTT, kg

6.3 ± 3.3

7.9 ± 3.7

< 0.001

 GWG between OGTT and delivery, kg

3.6 ± 2.1

4.0 ± 2.1

< 0.001

 GWG during the entire pregnancy, kg

11.8 ± 4.6

14.4 ± 4.6

< 0.001

 Gestational week at delivery, weeks

38.2 ± 1.6

38.4 ± 1.5

0.02

Delivery mode, n (%)

 Vaginal or assisted vaginal delivery

224 (50.8)

824 (50.3)

0.9

 Caesarean section

217 (49.2)

813 (49.7)

 

 GH and PE, n (%)

37 (8.4)

88 (5.4)

0.02

 GDM, n (%)

205 (46.5)

296 (18.1)

< 0.001

 PPH, n (%)

67 (15.2)

293 (17.9)

0.2

 Macrosomia, n (%)

46 (10.4)

148 (9.0)

0.4

 Premature rupture of membrane, n (%)

84 (19.1)

275 (16.8)

0.3

 Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios, n (%)

18 (4.1)

49 (3.0)

0.3

 SGA, n (%)

11 (2.5)

54 (3.3)

0.4

 LGA, n (%)

57 (12.9)

158 (9.7)

0.04

 Preterm birth, n (%)

34 (7.7)

94 (5.7)

0.1

 Birth weight, g

3386 ± 548

3388 ± 504

0.7