| Study group | Control group | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 441) | (n = 1637) | ||
Age, years | 34.8 ± 3.5 | 34.2 ± 3.6 | 0.002 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.5 | 22.2 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
Gravidity, % | 2.9 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 0.5 |
Parity, % | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 0.001 |
Family history of diabetes, % | 138 (31.3) | 176 (10.8) | < 0.001 |
Histories of abnormal pregnancy, % | 87 (19.7) | 213 (13.0) | < 0.001 |
History of GH, % | 21 (4.8) | 34 (2.1) | 0.002 |
History of PE, % | 3 (0.7) | 8 (0.5) | 0.6 |
History of macrosomia, % | 31 (7.0) | 31 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
History of PCOS, % | 10 (2.3) | 6 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
Smoking, % | 25 (5.7) | 98 (6.0) | 0.8 |
Education, % | |||
 Undergraduate and above | 336 (76.2) | 1157 (70.7) | 0.02 |
 Junior college and below | 105 (23.8) | 480 (29.3) | |
Glucose and lipid profiles in the first trimester, mmol/L | |||
 TC | 4.2 (3.8–4.8) | 4.3 (3.8–4.8) | 0.6 |
 TG | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | < 0.001 |
 HDL-C | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 1.6 (1.4–1.9) | < 0.001 |
 LDL-C | 2.2 (1.8–2.6) | 2.1 (1.8–2.6) | 0.1 |
 FPG | 4.9 (4.7–5.3) | 4.8 (4.5–5.0) | < 0.001 |
Glucose and lipid profiles in the second trimester, mmol/L | |||
 TC | 6.1 (5.4–6.7) | 5.8 (5.0–6.5) | < 0.001 |
 TG | 2.4 (1.9–3.0) | 2.3 (1.8–2.9) | 0.04 |
 HDL-C | 1.8 (1.5–1.9) | 1.9 (1.7–2.2) | < 0.001 |
 LDL-C | 3.1 (2.6–3.7) | 2.9 (2.4–3.5) | < 0.001 |
 OGTT fasting glucose | 4.8 (4.5–5.1) | 4.5 (4.3–4.8) | < 0.001 |
 OGTT 1-h glucose | 9.1 (7.9–10.2) | 7.5 (6.5–8.6) | < 0.001 |
 OGTT 2-h glucose | 7.5 (6.6–8.5) | 6.4 (5.6–7.3) | < 0.001 |
Glucose and lipid profiles in the third trimester, mmol/L | |||
 TC | 6.4 (5.7–7.2) | 6.1 (5.3–7.0) | < 0.001 |
 TG | 3.1 (2.5–3.8) | 3.0 (2.4–3.7) | 0.2 |
 HDL-C | 1.7 (1.5–1.9) | 1.8 (1.5–2.0) | 0.001 |
 LDL-C | 3.4 (2.7–4.0) | 3.2 (2.5–3.8) | < 0.001 |
 FPG | 4.6 (4.3–5.0) | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | < 0.001 |
 GWG before 16 weeks of gestation, kg | 2.0 ± 2.5 | 2.4 ± 2.7 | 0.02 |
 GWG before OGTT, kg | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 7.9 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
 GWG between OGTT and delivery, kg | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
 GWG during the entire pregnancy, kg | 11.8 ± 4.6 | 14.4 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
 Gestational week at delivery, weeks | 38.2 ± 1.6 | 38.4 ± 1.5 | 0.02 |
Delivery mode, n (%) | |||
 Vaginal or assisted vaginal delivery | 224 (50.8) | 824 (50.3) | 0.9 |
 Caesarean section | 217 (49.2) | 813 (49.7) |  |
 GH and PE, n (%) | 37 (8.4) | 88 (5.4) | 0.02 |
 GDM, n (%) | 205 (46.5) | 296 (18.1) | < 0.001 |
 PPH, n (%) | 67 (15.2) | 293 (17.9) | 0.2 |
 Macrosomia, n (%) | 46 (10.4) | 148 (9.0) | 0.4 |
 Premature rupture of membrane, n (%) | 84 (19.1) | 275 (16.8) | 0.3 |
 Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios, n (%) | 18 (4.1) | 49 (3.0) | 0.3 |
 SGA, n (%) | 11 (2.5) | 54 (3.3) | 0.4 |
 LGA, n (%) | 57 (12.9) | 158 (9.7) | 0.04 |
 Preterm birth, n (%) | 34 (7.7) | 94 (5.7) | 0.1 |
 Birth weight, g | 3386 ± 548 | 3388 ± 504 | 0.7 |