Table 1 Participant characteristics at baseline
Participant characteristics | DM (n = 45) | Controls (n = 59) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Male n (%) | 22 (49) | 28 (47) | 0.89 |
Age (years) | 59.3 ± 9.8 | 57.9 ± 9.8 | 0.47 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 1.8 (0.8–3.2) | Na | – |
Follow-up (years) | 5.6 ± 0.4 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | < 0.05 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 5.1 | 25.9 ± 3.3 | 0.08 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 47 ± 6 | 38 ± 4 | < 0.05 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.4 | < 0.05 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | < 0.05 |
LDL (mmol/l) | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 1.0 | < 0.05 |
Office systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 126 ± 9 | 131 ± 14 | 0.07 |
Office diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79 ± 7 | 83 ± 9 | < 0.05 |
Office heart rate (bpm) | 66 ± 9 | 62 ± 10 | < 0.05 |
24-h systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125 ± 9 | 124 ± 11 | 0.58 |
24-h diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74 ± 6 | 75 ± 7 | 0.47 |
24-h heart rate (bpm) | 73 ± 10 | 68 ± 9 | < 0.05 |
Urine albumin creatinine ratio (mg/mmol)a | 0.4 (0.3–1.0) | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | < 0.05 |
Antidiabetic medicine (oral and GLP-1-analogues) n (%) | 32 (71) | 0 (0) | < 0.05 |
Insulin n (%) | 5 (11) | 0 (0) | < 0.05 |
Antihypertensives n (%) | 28 (62) | 15 (25) | < 0.05 |
Statin n (%) | 33 (73) | 9 (15) | < 0.05 |
Aspirin n (%) | 25 (56) | 2 (3) | < 0.05 |
Current or former smoker n (%) | 24 (53) | 29 (49) | 0.67 |
PWV (m/s) | 8.8 ± 2.1 | 7.9 ± 1.4 | < 0.05 |