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Table 1 The characteristics of identified studies and involved participants

From: Differences in the roles of types 1 and 2 diabetes in the susceptibility to the risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study

Region

Study design

Sample size/DM

Mean age (years)

Male (%)

Smoker (%)

BMI (kg/m2)

DM type

Follow-up (years)

Adjusted factors

NOS score

NTHS 1999 [28]

Norway

Prospective

35,444/1850

50.0–74.0

47.5

30.4

NA

I and II

9.0

Age, BMI and daily smoking

8

IWHS 2001 [29]

USA

Prospective

32,089/1729

61.6

0.0

15.0

26.9

I and II

9.6

Age, smoking, estrogen use, BMI, and WTHR

9

BMES 2001 [30]

Australia

Prospective

3654/216

66.2

43.3

NA

NA

II

5.0

Age, sex, and BMI

7

SOF 2001 [31]

USA

Prospective

9754/657

71.0

0.0

NA

26.2

II

9.4

Age, BMI, calcaneal BMD, height, height loss since age 25, contrast sensitivity, walking speed, consumed alcohol in past year, resting pulse, mother fractured hip, on feet < 4 h a day, use of long-acting benzodiazepines, and calcium intake

9

H-EPESE 2002 [32]

USA

Prospective

2884/690

71.8

42.1

42.1

NA

II

7.0

Age, gender, BMI, ever smoked, previous stroke, lower extremity functional ability, and distance vision

7

SIR 2005 [33]

Sweden

Retrospective

24,605/24,605

20.7

51.0

NA

NA

I

9.9

Age, sex, and calendar-period-matched general population from the entire Swedish inpatient registry

6

Dobnig 2006 [34]

Australia

Prospective

1664/583

 > 70.0

0.0

NA

NA

II

2.0

Age and weight

6

NHS 2006 [35]

USA

Prospective

109,983/8640

56.3

0.0

17.9

26.0

I and II

20.0

Age, BMI, physical activity, menopausal status and estrogen use, smoking and daily intake of calcium, vitamin D, and protein

9

Tromsø 2006 [36]

Norway

Prospective

27,159/455

47.0

47.7

37.0

25.5

I and II

6.0

Age, BMI, smoking, and metabolic features

8

WHI 2006 [37]

USA

Prospective

93,676/5285

63.4

0.0

6.2

NA

II

7.0

Age, ethnicity, weight, height; time-dependent history of falls, previous fracture, history of osteoporosis, trouble seeing at baseline, alcohol or tobacco use, calcium and vitamin D intake, exercise, bisphosphonate, estrogen, steroid, insulin, SERM, or thyroid hormone use

8

Melton 2008 [38]

USA

Retrospective

1964/1964

61.7

51.0

NA

NA

II

11.8

Age, BMI, calcaneal BMD, or a host of other osteoporosis risk factors

6

CHS 2011 [39]

USA

Prospective

5641/1456

72.8

42.0

12.0

26.7

II

10.9

Age, sex, race, BMI, AAI < 0.9

8

Jung 2012 [40]

Korea

Retrospective

2282/1268

61.0

0.0

NA

25.0

II

7.0

Age

7

Rotterdam 2013 [41]

Netherland

Prospective

4135/420

68.4

40.6

25.0

26.4

II

12.2

Age, sex, height, weight, and femoral neck BMD

8

SCI-DC 2014 [42]

UK

Retrospective

3,801,874/201,874

20.0–84.0

NA

NA

NA

I and II

NA

Age, calendar year, SIMD, and for the overall estimate, an SIMD-age interaction

7

SIDIAP 2015 [43]

Spain

Prospective

171,931/58,483

62.6

56.5

15.6

29.3

II

2.6

BMI, previous fracture, oral corticoids

7

THIN 2015 [44]

UK

Retrospective

334,266/30,394

34.0

56.1

26.7

25.5

I

5.7

Exposure to steroid medication, history of prior fracture, and presence of chronic kidney disease

6

Manitoba 2016 [45]

Canada

Retrospective

57,938/8840

64.3

0.0

NA

27.1

II

7.2

FRAX scores, burden of comorbidity, falls, prescription osteoporosis treatments, and insulin therapy

8

FRAILCO 2017 [46]

Sweden

Prospective

428,305/84,702

80.8

42.4

NA

25.4

I and II

1.3

Age, sex, weight, height, previous fracture, RA, glucocorticoid, alendronate use, and CCI, and self-reported known fall injury

8

Holm 2018 [47]

Denmark

Retrospective

6285/229

61.1

0.0

28.0

23.4

II

5.8

Baseline age group, BMI group, modified Charlson index, estrogen deficiency, prevalent hyperthyroidism, RA, CPD, MOF, former osteoporosis treatment, glucocorticoid use, calcium intake, family fracture history, current smoking, exercise alcohol related diagnoses and current use of ACE, ANGII, loop, thiazide, SSRI, TCA

7

DNPR 2019 [48]

Denmark

Retrospective

1,328,336/332,084

59.0

52.9

NA

NA

I and II

6.0

Age, sex, previous fracture, anti-osteoporosis medication

7

PK-VF 2019 [49]

China

Prospective

982/186

62.0

0.0

NA

26.0

II

5.2

Age, YSM, BMI, LS BMD, and any previous fractures

7