Study | Region | Study design | Sample size/DM | Mean age (years) | Male (%) | Smoker (%) | BMI (kg/m2) | DM type | Follow-up (years) | Adjusted factors | NOS score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NTHS 1999 [28] | Norway | Prospective | 35,444/1850 | 50.0–74.0 | 47.5 | 30.4 | NA | I and II | 9.0 | Age, BMI and daily smoking | 8 |
IWHS 2001 [29] | USA | Prospective | 32,089/1729 | 61.6 | 0.0 | 15.0 | 26.9 | I and II | 9.6 | Age, smoking, estrogen use, BMI, and WTHR | 9 |
BMES 2001 [30] | Australia | Prospective | 3654/216 | 66.2 | 43.3 | NA | NA | II | 5.0 | Age, sex, and BMI | 7 |
SOF 2001 [31] | USA | Prospective | 9754/657 | 71.0 | 0.0 | NA | 26.2 | II | 9.4 | Age, BMI, calcaneal BMD, height, height loss since age 25, contrast sensitivity, walking speed, consumed alcohol in past year, resting pulse, mother fractured hip, on feet < 4 h a day, use of long-acting benzodiazepines, and calcium intake | 9 |
H-EPESE 2002 [32] | USA | Prospective | 2884/690 | 71.8 | 42.1 | 42.1 | NA | II | 7.0 | Age, gender, BMI, ever smoked, previous stroke, lower extremity functional ability, and distance vision | 7 |
SIR 2005 [33] | Sweden | Retrospective | 24,605/24,605 | 20.7 | 51.0 | NA | NA | I | 9.9 | Age, sex, and calendar-period-matched general population from the entire Swedish inpatient registry | 6 |
Dobnig 2006 [34] | Australia | Prospective | 1664/583 |  > 70.0 | 0.0 | NA | NA | II | 2.0 | Age and weight | 6 |
NHS 2006 [35] | USA | Prospective | 109,983/8640 | 56.3 | 0.0 | 17.9 | 26.0 | I and II | 20.0 | Age, BMI, physical activity, menopausal status and estrogen use, smoking and daily intake of calcium, vitamin D, and protein | 9 |
Tromsø 2006 [36] | Norway | Prospective | 27,159/455 | 47.0 | 47.7 | 37.0 | 25.5 | I and II | 6.0 | Age, BMI, smoking, and metabolic features | 8 |
WHI 2006 [37] | USA | Prospective | 93,676/5285 | 63.4 | 0.0 | 6.2 | NA | II | 7.0 | Age, ethnicity, weight, height; time-dependent history of falls, previous fracture, history of osteoporosis, trouble seeing at baseline, alcohol or tobacco use, calcium and vitamin D intake, exercise, bisphosphonate, estrogen, steroid, insulin, SERM, or thyroid hormone use | 8 |
Melton 2008 [38] | USA | Retrospective | 1964/1964 | 61.7 | 51.0 | NA | NA | II | 11.8 | Age, BMI, calcaneal BMD, or a host of other osteoporosis risk factors | 6 |
CHS 2011 [39] | USA | Prospective | 5641/1456 | 72.8 | 42.0 | 12.0 | 26.7 | II | 10.9 | Age, sex, race, BMI, AAI < 0.9 | 8 |
Jung 2012 [40] | Korea | Retrospective | 2282/1268 | 61.0 | 0.0 | NA | 25.0 | II | 7.0 | Age | 7 |
Rotterdam 2013 [41] | Netherland | Prospective | 4135/420 | 68.4 | 40.6 | 25.0 | 26.4 | II | 12.2 | Age, sex, height, weight, and femoral neck BMD | 8 |
SCI-DC 2014 [42] | UK | Retrospective | 3,801,874/201,874 | 20.0–84.0 | NA | NA | NA | I and II | NA | Age, calendar year, SIMD, and for the overall estimate, an SIMD-age interaction | 7 |
SIDIAP 2015 [43] | Spain | Prospective | 171,931/58,483 | 62.6 | 56.5 | 15.6 | 29.3 | II | 2.6 | BMI, previous fracture, oral corticoids | 7 |
THIN 2015 [44] | UK | Retrospective | 334,266/30,394 | 34.0 | 56.1 | 26.7 | 25.5 | I | 5.7 | Exposure to steroid medication, history of prior fracture, and presence of chronic kidney disease | 6 |
Manitoba 2016 [45] | Canada | Retrospective | 57,938/8840 | 64.3 | 0.0 | NA | 27.1 | II | 7.2 | FRAX scores, burden of comorbidity, falls, prescription osteoporosis treatments, and insulin therapy | 8 |
FRAILCO 2017 [46] | Sweden | Prospective | 428,305/84,702 | 80.8 | 42.4 | NA | 25.4 | I and II | 1.3 | Age, sex, weight, height, previous fracture, RA, glucocorticoid, alendronate use, and CCI, and self-reported known fall injury | 8 |
Holm 2018 [47] | Denmark | Retrospective | 6285/229 | 61.1 | 0.0 | 28.0 | 23.4 | II | 5.8 | Baseline age group, BMI group, modified Charlson index, estrogen deficiency, prevalent hyperthyroidism, RA, CPD, MOF, former osteoporosis treatment, glucocorticoid use, calcium intake, family fracture history, current smoking, exercise alcohol related diagnoses and current use of ACE, ANGII, loop, thiazide, SSRI, TCA | 7 |
DNPR 2019 [48] | Denmark | Retrospective | 1,328,336/332,084 | 59.0 | 52.9 | NA | NA | I and II | 6.0 | Age, sex, previous fracture, anti-osteoporosis medication | 7 |
PK-VF 2019 [49] | China | Prospective | 982/186 | 62.0 | 0.0 | NA | 26.0 | II | 5.2 | Age, YSM, BMI, LS BMD, and any previous fractures | 7 |